城市公园栖息地特征对鸟类群落的影响:以上海市为例  

Influence of Habitat Characteristics of Urban Parks on Bird Community:A Case Study of Shanghai

作　　者：马硕 王本耀 王军馥[3] 谢汉宾 李必成[3] 张伟 杨刚[3] MA Shuo;WANG Benyao;WANG Junfu;XIE Hanbin;LI Bicheng;ZHANG Wei;YANG Gang(School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;Shanghai Station of Afforestation Management and Direction, Shanghai 200020, China;Natural History Research Center, Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, Shanghai 200127, China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学生命科学学院,上海200062 [2]上海市绿化管理指导站,上海200020 [3]上海科技馆自然史研究中心,上海200127

出　　处：《复旦学报（自然科学版）》2021年第2期222-230,共9页Journal of Fudan University：Natural Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31601872);上海市自然科学基金(20ZR1437100);上海市科学技术委员会社会发展领域项目(18DZ1205003);上海市科学技术委员会上海城市树木生态应用工程技术研究中心项目(17DZ225200)。

摘　　要：上海作为中国城市化率最高的城市之一,是近40年来中国乃至世界城市化的缩影.近年来,随着上海生态城市建设进程的加快,公园数量和面积显著增加.城市公园作为野生动物栖息地的生态功能日益凸显.本研究选择上海市5个典型的大型城市公园,从景观尺度、微生境尺度和栖息地可利用度等3个尺度设置评价指标,利用对鸟类群落产生显著影响的公园面积、公园城市化指数、微生境复杂度、公园水体斑块密度等栖息地特征变量和鸟类群落对栖息地利用度进行公园生态功能评价.结果表明,公园作为鸟类栖息地的生态功能指数从高到低依次为海湾森林公园、上海植物园、世纪公园、共青森林公园和辰山植物园,数值与公园鸟类种类数排序一致.公园鸟类种类与城市化指数呈显著的负相关,城市化指数越高的区域,公园作为鸟类栖息地的生态功能越显著.在公园位置和面积确定的情况下,微生境复杂度是导致鸟类多样性差异的主要变量.5个公园中具有复杂微生境(含4个植被要素)的样方数量均不超过公园样方总数量的15%,具有简单微生境的样方数量占比为45%~75%,说明公园植被微生境营造以简单微生境为主,已成为制约鸟类多样性的限制因素之一.基于以上结论,在城市公园规划中应加强中心城区公园布局,在公园内部应配置复杂生境、增加水体密度和木本植物多样性、适当减少游客休憩区域及人工草皮面积,设置自然演替区以提高其作为野生动物栖息地的生态功能.Shanghai is the most urbanized city in China and is the epitome of urbanization in China and the world for the past 40 years.The number and area of parks in Shanghai has accelerated in recent years during the urbanization process.The location planning and vegetation allocation of parks should fully consider its ecological service function as habitats of wildlife.This study selected five typical large urban parks in Shanghai.The evaluation indexes were set from three scales included landscape scale,microhabitat scale and habitat availability.We analyzed habitat characteristics including park area,urbanization index,habitat complexity and water patch density,in addition to habitat utilization to design a model to evaluate the ecological function of parks.The results showed that the ecological function index of parks as habitat for birds in descending order was Haiwan Forest Park,Shanghai Botanical Garden,Century Park,Gongqing Forest Park and Chenshan Botanical Garden.The value is consistent with the order of bird species in the park.There was a significant negative correlation between bird species and urbanization index.The higher the urbanization rate was,the more significant the ecological function of park as bird habitat was.the habitat complexity was the main variable that led to the difference in bird diversity for a park settled location and area.The number of samples with complex microhabitats(including four vegetation elements)was no more than 15%of the total number of samples in the five parks,and corresponding the number of samples with simple habitats accounted for 45%—75%.This indicated that simple microhabitats were the main construction of vegetation habitats in the park,which has become one of the limiting factors for bird diversity.Based on the above,we should strengthen the layout of parks in the central city during urban parks planning,construct complex habitats,increase the diversity of woody plants,appropriately reduce the area of tourists'rest areas and artificial turf,and set up natural succ

关 键 词：城市公园 鸟类群落 生态功能 生境复杂度 上海 

分 类 号：Q958.1[生物学—动物学]