政策转变还是策略调整?——艾森豪威尔政府“解除台湾中立化”论析  

Policy Change or Strategy Adjustment?——An Analysis of the“De-neutralization of Taiwan”by the Eisenhower Administration

作　　者：冯琳[1] FENG Lin(Institute of Modern History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100101,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《安徽史学》2021年第3期118-126,共9页Historical Research In Anhui

摘　　要：1953年2月,艾森豪威尔对国会关于国情咨文的年度致辞中提出第七舰队要改变在台湾海峡的任务,从阻止海峡两岸的军事行动变为不再“遮掩”中国大陆。此语被视为“解除台湾中立化”的开始。不少研究据此认为新上台的共和党政府改变了对台政策,“放蒋出笼”,台美关系由此进入“蜜月期”。实际上,这一声明是形势发展的必然结果,是美国企图震慑、牵制中共之举,面上有“放蒋出笼”之势,内里却无“放蒋出笼”之实。在美国是否准备掩护台湾军队反攻大陆、是否封锁中国大陆全部海岸、是否对台扩大美援范围和种类等问题上,台美间无法形成共识。美政府以战斗机的交付为筹码,压迫台湾当局正式承诺不改变对大陆军事活动的“模式和节奏”,重要军事行动前要征询美国。台湾“中立化”解而不除,美国对台湾的缰绳更加收紧,艾森豪威尔政府“解除台湾中立化”并非一次政策转变。In February 1953,Eisenhower’s Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union proposed that the Seventh fleet should change its mission in the Taiwan Strait,from blocking military operations on both sides of the strait to no longer“shielding”China Mainland.This message was regarded as the beginning of“De-neutralization of Taiwan”.Many studies have thus concluded that the newly-elected Republican government changed its policy toward Taiwan,prepared to“let Chiang out of the cage”and the relationship between Taiwan and the United States started to entered the“honeymoon period”.In fact,this statement was the inevitable result of the development of the situation.It was the attempt of the United States to intimidate and restrain the CCP.On the surface,there was a tendency to“let Chiang out of the cage”,but there was no essence of such things.Taiwan and the United States could not form a consensus on whether the United States was prepared to shield the Taiwan military’s counterattack on the mainland,whether it would block all the coasts of China's Mainland,and whether it would expand the scope and types of US aid to Taiwan.The US government used the delivery of fighter jets as a chip to oppress the Taiwan authorities to formally promise not to change the“pattern and tempo”of military activities on the mainland,and to consult the United States before important military operations.The“neutralization”of Taiwan seemed to have been loosened but had not actually been removed.The United States tightened its reins against Taiwan.“De-neutralization of Taiwan”by the Eisenhower Administration was not a policy change indeed.

关 键 词：台湾 中立化 艾森豪威尔 

分 类 号：K27[历史地理—历史学] K712.54[历史地理—中国史]