论东汉桓灵时期的政治  

On the Politics During the Reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty

作　　者：郑先兴[1] ZHENG Xianxing(Research Institute for the History of Han Dynasties,Nanyang Normal University,Nanyang Henan 473061,China)

机构地区：[1]南阳师范学院汉文化研究院,河南南阳473061

出　　处：《南都学坛（南阳师范学院人文社会科学学报）》2021年第3期1-12,共12页Academic Forum of Nandu:Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Nanyang Normal University

摘　　要：东汉桓灵时期政治的特点在于皇帝依靠外戚、宦官打压士人,其政治业绩乏善可陈,唯可说的是文化建设方面。桓帝主要是回乡祭祖与拜祭老子,灵帝则是以文化为抓手,试图进行选举制的改革,如鸿都门学的设立,培植自己政治骨干,但其过度重用宦官、生活奢华给其政治举措带来更大的混乱。桓灵时期的政治理念却是有其可取之处的,这就是讲究天人合一、儒家经典与历史经验。桓灵时期的政治风气则是范晔所说的“正直废放,邪枉炽结”,具体表现在“权力寻租、上行下效”“奢靡腐化、挥霍无度”“攀附告密、诬陷忠良”。The politics during the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty was characterized by the court’s propensity to rely on the consort kin(a group related to an empress dowager)and the eunuchs to debilitate the power and influence of the scholarly bureaucracy.In general,the political achievements of that period were rather unimpressive,with the only attention-worthy aspect lying in cultural spheres.For example,Emperor Huan directed a series of sacrificial ceremonies to pay tribute to his ancestors as well as to the Chinese Taoist philosopher Lao Tzu.On the other hand,Emperor Ling attempted a culture-oriented approach to reform the electoral system such as founding the Hongdumen Academy so that political favors were bestowed upon the literati to reshape the policy of personnel placement,which,due to his overreliance on eunuchs and his personal profligacy,counteracted his initial intention and brought greater chaos.That said,the political philosophy during the reign of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling did have its merits,as both emphasized the unity of nature and man,Confucian classics and historical experience.However,the political ethos during their period of reign was characterized by what Fan Ye called“the upright and outspoken being deposed and banished while the crafty and evil colluding with one another”,which could find its specific expression in widespread‘corruption,collusion,and political rent-seeking’,‘extravagance,degeneration,and excessive profligacy’,as well as‘toadyism towards the strong and powerful and conspiracy against the loyal and honest’.

关 键 词：桓灵时期 政治业绩 政治理念 政治风气 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学]