持续性秸秆还田配施化肥对油菜-水稻轮作周年氮磷径流损失的影响  

Effects of Continuous Straw Returning with Chemical Fertilizer on Annual Runoff Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Rice-Rape Rotation

作　　者：靳玉婷 刘运峰 胡宏祥 穆静 高梦瑶 李先藩 薛中俊 龚静静 JIN YuTing;LIU YunFeng;HU HongXiang;MU Jing;GAO MengYao;LI XianFan;XUE ZhongJun;GONG JingJing(School of Resources and Environment,Anhui Agricultural University/Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention,Hefei 230036)

机构地区：[1]安徽农业大学资源与环境学院/农田生态保育与污染防控安徽省重点实验室,合肥230036

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第9期1937-1951,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家“十三五”重大专项(2017ZX07603-02-02);合肥市环巢湖生态示范区项目(2018LJFD0033)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究秸秆还田对巢湖地区油菜-水稻两熟制农田径流氮磷流失的影响,为源头控制巢湖流域面源污染提供科学依据。【方法】开展连续3年(2017-2019年)的田间小区实验,设置无秸秆+无施肥(CK)、常规施肥(F)、秸秆还田+常规施肥(SF)和秸秆还田+常规施肥减15%(SDF)4个处理。通过测定油菜-水稻轮作下农田地表径流中氮磷浓度和流失量,油菜水稻作物收获时土壤养分、作物氮磷养分吸收和产量,探讨秸秆还田对农田径流养分流失规律及土壤养分含量的影响。【结果】秸秆还田配施化肥降低了农田径流中氮的质量浓度,增加了磷的质量浓度。SF较F处理油菜和水稻季总氮(TN)平均质量浓度减少15.6%和26.0%,总磷(TP)增加12.5%和8.1%。SF、SDF处理降低了油菜-水稻轮作农田氮磷流失量。2017-2019年F处理的油菜和水稻径流TN、TP的流失量分别为11.9-26.7、1.3-2.8和15.6-27.0和0.8-2.0 kg·hm^(-2),较F相比,SF处理的油菜和水稻季TN显著降低18.4%-29.7%和21.9%-28.1%,TP流失量则降低1.3%-4.0%和1.0%-6.6%。秸秆还田能够增加土壤有机质等养分含量,短期内均能够降低土壤pH值,与F相比,SF处理的油菜和水稻季有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、碱解氮平均含量增幅分别6.2%、8.4%、27.3%、19.5%、5.0%和7.0%、10.9%、17.7%、7.5%、5.1%。秸秆还田配施化肥能够提高作物地上部氮磷累积量。F处理的油菜和水稻地上部作物氮素、磷素累积量均值分别为105.0、20.4和134.3、36.7 kg·hm^(-2),SF较F处理油菜和水稻季氮素累积量增加28.9%和7.8%,磷素增加12.1%和5.9%。秸秆还田提高了油菜-水稻轮作的周年产量,其中SF较F处理显著提高7.8%(2017年)和6.4%(2019年)。【结论】油菜-水稻轮作模式下秸秆还田配施化肥能够在保证作物产量的同时提高土壤养分含量,降低氮磷流失负荷。【Objective】To explore the effects of straw returning on the loss of nitrogen,phosphorus in rape rice double cropping system in Chaohu Area,so as to provide scientific basis for source control of non-point source pollution in Chaohu Lake Basin.【Method】Four treatments no straw+no fertilization(CK),conventional fertilization(F),straw returning+conventional fertilization(SF)and straw returning+conventional fertilization reduced by 15%(SDF)of field plot experiment were carried out for three consecutive years(2016-2019).By measuring the concentrations and losses of nitrogen,phosphorus in farmland surface runoff under rape rice rotation,soil nutrients and crop nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient absorption and yield during rape and rice harvest,the effects of straw returning on nutrient loss and soil nutrient content in farmland runoff were discussed.【Result】The results showed that straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer decreased nitrogen concentration in farmland runoff and increased phosphorus concentration.In rape and rice season,compared with F treatment,the average mass concentration of total nitrogen(TN)decreased by 15.6%and 26.0%,total phosphorus(TP)increased by 12.5%and 8.0%.SF,SDF treatment reduced the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus.In 2017-2019,the runoff loss of TN,TP of rape and rice season were 11.9-26.7 kg·hm^(-2),1.3-2.8 kg·hm^(-2)and 15.6-27.0 kg·hm^(-2),0.8-2.0 kg·hm^(-2)under F treatment.Compared with F,TN of SF treatment in rape and rice season were significantly decreased by 18.4%-29.7%and 21.9%-28.1%,TP loss decreased by 1.3%-4.0%and 1.0%-6.6%.Straw returning can increase soil organic matter and other nutrients,and reduce soil pH value in a short time.Compared with F,the average contents of organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available phosphorus and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen under SF treatment were respectively increased by 6.2%,8.4%,27.3%,19.5%,5.0%in rape season and 7.0%,10.9%,17.7%,7.5%,5.1%in rice season.The results showed that straw returning combined wit

关 键 词：秸秆还田 径流 氮磷流失 土壤养分 产量 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学] S511