辽河平原区玉米旱田氮磷流失特征研究  

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss in Dry Farmland of Liaohe River Plain

作　　者：徐嘉翼 隋世江[1] 康越 陈玥[1] 张艳君[1] 宫亮[1] 牛世伟[1] XU Jia-yi;SUI Shi-jiang;KANG Yue;CHEN Yue;ZHANG Yan-jun;GONG Liang;NIU Si-wei(Institute of Plant Nutrient and Environmental Resources,Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenyang 110161;Heishan County Agricultural and Rural Affairs Service Center,Heishan 121400,China)

机构地区：[1]辽宁省农业科学院植物营养与环境资源研究所,沈阳110161 [2]黑山县农业农村事务服务中心,辽宁黑山121400

出　　处：《玉米科学》2021年第2期131-139,共9页Journal of Maize Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0800901);辽宁省农业科学院院长基金项目(2020QN2408)。

摘　　要：采用田间试验方法,2016~2017年原位监测不同试验处理下地表径流与地下淋溶水分和氮磷流失过程。结果表明,径流和淋溶流失均集中发生于6~8月,且流失水量与降雨密切相关。氮磷在径流和淋溶水中均以可溶态为主(径流水中磷除外),且淋溶水氮浓度高于径流,径流水磷浓度高于淋溶。氮流失负荷在两年监测中均表现为淋溶高于径流,磷流失负荷在2016年(丰水年)以径流居多,在2017年(枯水年)淋溶和径流贡献相差不多。与常规处理(CF)和优化施肥处理(OF)相比,优化施肥+秸秆还田处理(OFS)降低了径流和淋溶水量,在2016年OFS处理径流水量显著降低20.3%和14.9%。径流和淋溶水总氮、可溶性总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮平均浓度总体表现为CF>OF>OFS,总磷和可溶性总磷平均浓度在不同处理之间差异较小。与CF处理相比,OF和OFS处理均能降低氮磷流失负荷,OFS处理显著降低了径流氮磷负荷。研究表明,试验区旱田养分流失以氮淋溶为主,优化施肥结合秸秆还田措施有利于降低氮磷流失风险。The field experiment was conducted to in-situ monitor the water flow and N and P loss by runoff and leaching under the different treatments from 2016 to 2017.The results showed that the runoff and leaching events mainly occurred from June to August,which was closely related to rainfall.The dissolved N and P were the main forms of N and P in the leaching and runoff water(excluding P in runoff water).N concentrations in the leaching wa⁃ter were higher than runoff,whereas P concentrations in the runoff water were more than leaching.N leaching loss was higher than runoff in both 2016 and 2017,while greater runoff P loss was determined in 2016 and approximate⁃ly equivalent P loss by leaching and runoff these two approaches in 2017.Compared to the conventional fertilization(CF)and optimized fertilization treatment(OF),the water flow of runoff and leaching was decreased in the optimized fertilization combined with straw incorporation treatment(OFS),especially with 20.3%and 14.9%lower runoff flow in OFS than CF and OFS in 2016(p<0.05).The average concentrations of total N,dissolved N,NO3--N,and NH4+-N were compared among the different treatments as follow:CF>OF>OFS,while there was little difference of P concen⁃trations among the three treatments.Compared to CF,both OF and OFS treatments reduced N and P loss,especially with 31.0%lower runoff N loss and 19.3%lower runoff P loss in OFS than CF in 2016(p<0.05).In conclusion,N leaching was the main contribution to the nutrient loss in the dry farmland of Liaohe River plain,and straw incorpo⁃ration based on optimized fertilization had the potential on controlling N and P loss.

关 键 词：玉米 径流 淋溶 氮、磷流失 

分 类 号：S513.062[农业科学—作物学]