计算神经科学  

COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE

作　　者：周栋焯 Zhou Douglas(School of Mathematical Sciences,Institute of Natural Sciences,MOE-LSC,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200240,China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学数学科学学院、自然科学研究院、科学与工程计算教育部重点实验室,上海200240

出　　处：《计算数学》2021年第2期133-161,共29页Mathematica Numerica Sinica

基　　金：中国国家重点研发计划(2019YFA0709503);国家自然科学基金(12071287)资助。

摘　　要：计算神经科学是近三十年来出现的一个新兴交叉学科,它强调采用数学定量的方法,如数学建模、理论分析和数值模拟等来研究和解决神经科学中的重要科学问题,一方面神经科学实验现象为发展新的数学模型、理论和算法提供了基础,另一方面通过数学定量,能反过来揭示神经科学实验现象背后的数理机制,发现新的科学规律.随着欧盟、美国、日本和我国脑计划的陆续推出,对大脑的探索已成为重要的前沿科学领域,同时随着数据科学、机器学习等领域的兴起,研究如何借鉴大脑的工作原理来实现类脑计算以及人工智能也成为了世界大国科技竞争的战略制高点.鉴于此,计算神经科学作为连接大脑神经科学与类脑人工智能两大研究领域的桥梁,在前沿科学领域和国家战略需求中的地位变得越来越重要.计算神经科学研究领域的发展,对于推动神经科学与数学、物理、统计、计算机、人工智能等其他自然科学学科及工程应用学科之间的共进发展,以及综合利用不同学科的优势互补来取得从零到一的重要科学突破有着重大意义.Computational neuroscience is an emerging interdiscipline and first appeared as a specific research field in the late 1980s.It is aimed to solve important scientific issues in neuroscience through mathematical modeling,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation.On the one hand,neuroscience experiments provide the basis for the development of new mathematical models,theories,and algorithms.On the other hand,it is helpful to reveal mechanisms underlying experimental phenomena and discover new scientific laws through mathematical and quantitative analysis.The US Brain Initiative and the European Human Brain Project were both launched in 2013,while the Japan brain/minds project was launched in 2014.Recently,the China Brain Project("One body,two wings")has also been approved by the State Council as one of the Innovation 2030 Major Science and Technology Projects.The investigations of brain and its related brain-inspired artificial intelligence are significant frontier sciences and have the leading strategic position of national competition in research and development.Because of this,computational neuroscience is regarded as a bridge between brain science and artificial intelligence and plays more and more important roles in frontier sciences and national strategic needs.The development of computational neuroscience may advance neuroscience,mathematics,physics,statistics,computer science,artificial intelligence,and other natural sciences and engineering disciplines.In addition,it can integrate the advantages of different disciplines to complement each other,and achieve important scientific breakthroughs.

关 键 词：计算神经科学 可计算建模 科学计算 神经科学 人工智能 

分 类 号：TP18[自动化与计算机技术—控制理论与控制工程] Q189[自动化与计算机技术—控制科学与工程]