神经元信息编码的代谢消耗:动作电位与能量效率  

Metabolic Consumption of Information Coding by Single Neurons:Action Potential and Energy Efficiency

作　　者：伊国胜 黄雪林 王江 魏熙乐 YI Guo-Sheng;HUANG Xue-Lin;WANG Jiang;WEI Xi-Le(School of Electrical and Information Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China)

机构地区：[1]天津大学电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津300072

出　　处：《生物化学与生物物理进展》2021年第4期434-449,共16页Progress In Biochemistry and Biophysics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(61601320);天津市自然科学基金(19JCQNJC01200);中国博士后科学基金(2017T100158)资助项目。

摘　　要：人脑是一个高效、可靠的信息处理系统,它主导着个体的认知、情感、意识与行为,这些功能的实现需要不断地消耗代谢能量.大脑的能量需求主要被神经元信息编码所消耗,相应的亚细胞过程包括产生和传导动作电位、维持静息电位以及突触传递.神经元编码信息的主要载体是动作电位序列,它的产生与传导贡献了大脑的大部分代谢消耗.动作电位的能量消耗受离子通道的生物物理特性控制.生物物理特性的细胞特异性和空间异质性使得动作电位对代谢能量的利用效率呈现高度可变性,它为理解神经元代谢消耗的规律、起因与结果带来了挑战.本文首先介绍参与神经元编码的亚细胞过程及它们在大脑和小脑皮层中的代谢消耗,然后详细梳理近年来关于动作电位代谢消耗的研究成果,重点讨论影响其能量效率的生物物理因素和放电形状特性,并归纳总结放电消耗的特点,最后对未来神经元编码的代谢消耗研究进行展望.Human brain is a complex system with powerful abilities of signal processing,which determines our cognition,emotion,consciousness,and behavior.As a computational device,our brain needs to continuously consume metabolic energy to realize above functions.Most of brain’s energy usage is consumed on information coding by single neurons,and the subcellular processes consuming metabolic energy include generating and propagating action potentials,maintaining rest potentials,and synaptic transmission.A neuron uses sequences of action potentials as a principal carrier to represent and transmit information.Generating and propagating these electrical signals makes a significant contribution to the overall consumption of metabolic energy in the brain.The biophysical properties of voltage-dependent ionic conductances determine the action potential energy consumption.The cell specificity and spatial heterogeneity of biophysics lead to a high variation in the action potential metabolic efficiency,which brings challenges for understanding the principles,causes,and consequences of metabolic cost of information coding by single neurons.In this paper,we first introduce how the subcellular processes involving in neuronal information coding consume metabolic energy.Then,we present an exhaustive review on the main findings of action potential metabolic cost in recent years,and mainly discuss how biophysical properties and spike shape affect the action potential energy efficiency.Finally,we raise several key issues on the metabolic consumption of neuronal information coding that need to be addressed in the future.

关 键 词：神经元 信息编码 代谢消耗 生物物理特性 动作电位 能量效率 

分 类 号：Q424[生物学—神经生物学] Q426[生物学—生理学]