明代提学官的书院建设与张居正的学政改革  

A Study of Ming Dynasty Education Intendants’Academy Construction and Zhang Juzheng’s Education System Reform

作　　者：赵伟[1] 邓洪波[1] Zhao Wei;Deng Hongbo

机构地区：[1]湖南大学岳麓书院,湖南长沙410000

出　　处：《学术研究》2021年第5期108-117,178,共11页Academic Research

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国书院文献整理与研究”(15ZDB036);湖南省研究生科研创新项目“张居正改革与明清督学制度的演变研究”(CX20200462)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：明代提学设官后,由于职责与职权未能平衡,因此有的提学官试图打破令甲所限,在官学之外别建书院来走出制度困境。明代提学官所建书院有衙署、祭祀、聚徒讲学三大类型。影响最大的是聚徒讲学型书院,其中的精英教育以省级书院成就最高,一定程度上填补了官学系统中省一级的空白,是清代省会书院制度的先导。中晚明王学兴起后,王门后学利用担任提学官的机会,通过建设书院来传播新思想,更将讲会制度引入官办书院,通过思想与制度的双重渗透瓦解了官学体制中的师生秩序,以讲学同志的连属形成团体。此时,秉持取士之权的提学官在选拔讲学团体成员时面临私相授受的指控,进而引发了万历初年张居正的学政改革,明令提学官“不许别创书院”。此后,提学官通过建设书院来“教士”的行动遭到打击,逐渐向专于“校士”的职能转变。The Education Intendants have great responsibilities in the Ming Dynasty,but the powers actually assigned to them are difficult to meet normal needs.Therefore,some Education Intendants tried to break the limitation of the policy and set up academies outside the official schools to solve this problem.According to statistics,the Ming Dynasty Education Intendants established many academies,some of which were their offices,some were used for sacrifices or education.The most influential was the education-type academy,which can be roughly divided into three types:primary education,elite education and social-oriented lectures.Provincial academies with the highest achievements were another provincial official school,and influenced the formation of the academy institution of the Qing Dynasty.After the mid-Ming Dynasty,the scholars of Yangming took advantage of the opportunity to serve as Educational Officials to spread new academics through the construction of academies,and introduced the lecture institutions into the official academies.They impacted the order in the official school in thought and institution,and formed groups by participating in lectures.At this time,Education Intendants with the power to select talents faced unfair accusations when selecting members of lecture groups.Therefore,Zhang Juzheng underwent the institution reform during the Wanli period,Education Intendants were no longer allowed to build academies.After that,the functions of Education Intendants turned to the imperial examinations completely,and affected the formation of the education supervision institution in the Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：提学制度 书院 张居正改革 王学 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] G529[历史地理—中国史]