民营银行股东责任界定及构成研究  

The Definition and Constitution of Shareholders' Responsibility of Private Banks

作　　者：郭金良[1] 于骁骁 GUO Jinjiang;YU Xiaoxiao

机构地区：[1]辽宁大学法学院 [2]中国人民银行沈阳分行

出　　处：《金融监管研究》2021年第4期80-97,共18页Financial Regulation Research

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“系统性金融风险法律治理中的监管职能配置研究”(19CFX024);教育部青年基金项目“金融安全视角下混业经营行为法律限制制度的显性化研究”(19YJC820065)。

摘　　要：在民营银行监管实践中,特定股东被要求在一定条件下承担持续注资和剩余风险等公司股东有限责任之外的"负担",该类"负担"从法律属性上应界定为"责任"。美国、欧盟等国家或地区的"加重责任"制度,侧重于防控系统性金融风险,并主要适用于金融控股公司或金融集团,在适用主体和制度目标上,均与我国民营银行的股东责任存在本质差别。要协调我国公司法律制度与金融监管规制制度在民营银行股东责任问题上的冲突,需要以我国民营银行试点实践为基础,创新民营银行股东责任相关理论。在概念表述上,建议不直接使用"民营银行股东加重责任",而使用"民营银行股东风险治理责任";理论上,民营银行股东责任可界定为"复式责任",即基于民营银行股东在风险产生与风险防控中特殊的主体地位而形成的、作为普通公司股东的有限责任,以及作为民营银行股东的风险治理责任。其中,民营银行股东承担的风险治理责任包括:市场准入中股东的风险防控责任、日常运营中股东的风险防控与化解责任、股东违反关联授信的责任以及股东违反股权管理的责任。In the practice of supervision of private banks,specific shareholders are required to bear the additional"burden"other than the limited liability of shareholders under certain conditions,such as continuous capital injections and residual risks.Such"burden"should be defined as"liability"from the legal attributes.The"enhanced obligation"system in the United States,the European Union and other countries or regions focuses on the prevention and control of systemic financial risks,and is mainly applicable to financial holding companies or financial groups,which is fundamentally different from the shareholder responsibility of private banks in China in terms of applicable subjects and institutional objectives.In order to coordinate the conflicts between corporate legal system and financial supervision rules on the shareholders'responsibility of private banks,it is necessary to innovate the theoretical definition of shareholders'responsibility of private banks based on the special positioning of the subject of pilot private banks in China,the special performance of business model and service publicity,and the special subject status of shareholders.In terms of concept expression,it is suggested that instead of using"enhanced obligation of shareholders of private banks"in law,the risk management responsibility of shareholders of private banks can be used.Theoretically,the shareholders'liability of private banks can be defined as"compound liability",which is based on the shareholders'special dominant position in risk generation and risk management of private banks,their limited liability as shareholders of ordinary companies and their risk management responsibility as shareholders of private banks.The risk management responsibilities include risk management responsibility of shareholders in market access,in daily operation,and in violating related credit and equity management.

关 键 词：民营银行股东 有限责任 复式责任 风险治理 

分 类 号：DF438[政治法律—经济法学]