智慧的特质论与状态论:分歧、统整与新解  

The Traits-State of Wisdom:Debates,Integration and New Perspectives

作　　者：张昊天 冯哲 胡超 Zhang Haotian;Feng Zhe;Hu Chao(Institutes of Psychological Sciences,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou,311100;Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou,311100;Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments,Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou,311100;Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development,Ontaio Institute for Studies in Education,University of Troronto,Toronto,Canada,M5S1V6)

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学心理科学研究院,杭州311100 [2]杭州师范大学艺术治疗心理研究中心,杭州311100 [3]杭州师范大学认知与脑疾病研究中心,杭州311100 [4]多伦多大学应用心理学与人类发展系,多伦多M5S1V6

出　　处：《心理科学》2021年第2期504-511,共8页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目(31800905);浙江省自然科学基金青年项目(LQ18C090004);杭州市哲学社会科学规划课题(2018RC2X08)的资助。

摘　　要：特质论与状态论之争是智慧研究领域新兴的热门话题。特质论认为智慧是稳定且不易干预的人格特质;状态论认为智慧是一种相对容易波动的心智状态,短期内可以改变且容易受外在情境的影响。基于人格心理学研究的"密度分布说"则为特质论与状态论之争提供了系统的整合模型。受此启发,本研究在以往理论的基础上提出"特质-状态正态分布假说",旨在进一步补充完善"密度分布说"并为特质论与状态论研究提供新的理论视角。未来研究仍需结合多种智慧测量手段,加强纵向追踪研究,探索智慧本质观与密度分布说的关系,开展相应的跨文化研究。The debate between the trait-and state-theories of wisdom has always been a heated topic.The trait-theory of wisdom argues that wisdom is a stable personality trait that is difficult to be intervened through self-improvement or external efforts,and only the sages possess"true wisdom".Empirical studies based on the trait-theory have utilized self-report measurements and the nomination method.However,their theoretical basis and research methodology have two shortcomings:(1)The excessive pursuit of the"pure"trait-level of wisdom leads to the"utopia of wisdom";(2)Selfreport measurements have inherent defects.The state-theory of wisdom holds that wisdom is not always a stable and invariable quality,but a state of mind that changes with the situation.Wisdom can be increased through one’s efforts and external assistance.This theory inspires studies on wisdom intervention.In recent years,a considerable number of empirical studies have been conducted based on the state-theory of wisdom,suggesting that wisdom is not an unattainable quality that only the sages can possess.Research of wisdom based on the state-theory incorporates self-report,text analyses,event reconstruction,narrative analysis,and other state-of-art technologies.These studies are truly mixed-method studies,integrating qualitative and quantitative methodologies.Inspired by the density distribution theory of personality proposed by Fleeson(2001),Grossmann,Gerlach,et al.,(2016),attention has been drawn to the density distribution theory for studies of wisdom.This theory believes that wisdom could be defined as the density distribution of wise behaviors in specific contexts,and individuals show different levels of wisdom(trait expression)based on situations(state expression).The traits of wisdom can be construed as the distribution of state expressions in specific situations.However,there is still space for improvement for the density distribution model.The shape of the distribution can be further specified,and distinctions can be made between people with dif

关 键 词：智慧 特质论 状态论 密度分布说 特质-状态正态分布假说 

分 类 号：B848[哲学宗教—心理学]