重拾一种被遗忘的刑法思想——费希特《自然法权基础》研读  

Regaining a Forgotten Thought of Criminal Law——Study of Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right

作　　者：邓卓行 Deng Zhuoxing

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2021年第3期164-175,共12页Tribune of Political Science and Law

摘　　要：《自然法权基础》一书集中阐述了费希特的刑法思想,这些思想主要分为刑法的本质与任务、法权在刑法中的应用以及刑罚的存在根据与具体执行三个方面。刑法的本质是赎罪契约,任务是维护公共安全,在这一前提下,刑法必须具有明确性,所有的犯罪皆针对国家,手段与目的要合比例;在法权应用方面,过失犯罪的处罚根据是确保相互安全,正当防卫的合法性基础是国家不在场,紧急避险的正当性根据是紧急状态不受其他制定法支配;以矫正为核心的特殊预防才是刑罚的存在根据,其执行目标是改恶从善,矫正的主要内容是劳动,并且应当以终身驱逐出境来替代死刑。Fichte’s thoughts on criminal law are elaborated in the book "Foundations of Natural Right", which are mainly divided into three aspects: the nature and task of criminal law, the application of right in criminal law, and the existence basis and specific execution of penalties. The nature of the criminal law is the contract of atonement, and the task is to maintain public security. In this premise, the criminal law must be clear, all crimes are directed at the country, and the means and the purpose must be proportional;in the application of right, the punishment basis of negligent crime is to ensure mutual security, the legitimacy basis of justifiable defense is the absence of the state, and the legitimacy basis of emergency avoidance is that the state of emergency is free from other enacted laws;the special prevention with correction as the core is the basis for the existence of penalties, its implementation goal is to turn over a new leaf, the main content of correction is labor, and life-long deportation is appropriate to replace the death penalty.

关 键 词：自然法权 赎罪契约 正当防卫 紧急避险 死刑 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]