我国神经科学发展现状和未来战略思考  

Neuroscience in China:Status Quo and Strategic Thinking for the Future

作　　者：张洪亮[1] 王立平[2] 张旭 Zhang Hongliang;Wang Liping;Zhang Xu(Department of Life Sciences,National Natural Science Foundation of China,Beijing 100085;Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shenzhen 518055;Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai,201210)

机构地区：[1]国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部生物医学科学处,北京100085 [2]中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院,深圳518055 [3]中国科学院上海高等研究院,上海201210

出　　处：《中国科学基金》2021年第2期328-338,共11页Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金应急管理项目(31842015)的资助。

摘　　要：神经科学是研究神经系统的结构、功能与疾病,探讨认知和行为的本质与规律的学科。神经科学兼具生物学、医学和交叉科学的属性。作为生物学的一门分支,神经科学解析包括初级神经系统功能如感知觉和本能行为,中级神经系统功能如情感、学习、记忆、注意、思维、决策等,及高级认知功能如人类智慧起源、自我意识、语言等在微观、介观、宏观不同层次的工作原理。作为现代医学的一个分支,神经科学是理解神经精神疾病的根本基础,也是发展临床诊疗新技术和新手段的重要途径。作为一门交叉学科,神经科学与心理学、免疫学、遗传学、药学、数学、物理学、化学、信息科学、计算科学和工程材料科学等学科存在广泛的交叉融合。神经科学学科的发展在我国社会经济发展中具有极其重要的地位。神经科学界已经认识到生物—心理学—社会医学模式在人口健康和疾病领域中的重要价值,因此神经科学家近年来在心理—行为—神经—内分泌—免疫的总体框架下积极开展研究,以期系统理解人类大脑的基本工作原理以及神经精神疾病。基于大脑工作原理的人工智能技术正成为新一轮科技革命的目标,有望开发低功耗、高效率、强"鲁棒"性的类脑智能产品。当前我国神经科学的发展面临着激烈的国际竞争。进一步加大对神经科学的投入、鼓励原创性的科学探索、加强科研队伍建设、努力满足经济社会发展需求、重视新研究技术和新实验范式的开发,以及多学科的交叉融合等,是应对挑战的重要策略。本文基于国家自然科学基金委员会关于神经科学学科发展战略调研的成果,回顾国家自然科学基金资助情况,归纳学科的前沿科学问题和优先发展领域,尤其从国家自然科学基金的视角提出我国神经科学学科发展的机遇、挑战和建议。Neuroscience research refers to the structure and functions of the nervous system,the mechanisms of neurological disorders,and the essence of human/animal behaviors and cognition.Neuroscience bears the characteristics of biology,medicine and interdisciplinary science.The key question of neuroscience is,as a branch of biology,to understand human neural activities,namely the structural basis and working mechanism of a broad range of neural functions from primary sensory functions and innate behaviors to higher-level functions including learning,memory,attention,awareness,language,thinking and decision-making,etc.As a branch of medicine,neuroscience addresses basic issues underlying neuropsychiatric disorders and interventions.An emerging trend is that neuroscience converges with a variety of disciplines including psychology,immunology,genetics,pharmacology,mathematics,physics,chemistry,informatics,computational science,engineering and material science,at multiple levels.Neuroscience plays a critical role in the socio-economic development of our society and in public health.For example,understanding the working mechanism of the brain may inspire the development of brain-like intelligence technology with low energy consumption,high performance efficacy and strong robustness.Likewise,the emerging bio-psycho-social medical model determines that human neural activities,behaviors and neuropsychiatric diseases should be investigated under the frame of the psycho-behavior-neuroendocrino-immunological network.Due to the complexity of the nervous system in both structure and function,neuroscience has developed rapidly with increased sub-disciplines involving multi-level and multiangle research,and more inter-disciplinary research.The development of neuroscience is confronted with fierce international competitions.Increasing neuroscience research fundings,encouraging original high-riskhigh-reward research,cultivating researchers and research teams,meeting socioeconomic development needs and emphasizing the development of new

关 键 词：神经科学 交叉融合 国家自然科学基金 前沿科学问题 未来发展建议 战略思考 

分 类 号：Q189[生物学—神经生物学]