离子的极化和形变  

Polarization and Deformation of Cations and Anions

作　　者：王稼国[1] 荆西平[2] 肖洪平[1] Wang Jiaguo;Jing Xiping;Xiao Hongping(College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering,Wenzhou University,Wenzhou,325035;College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University,Beijing,100871)

机构地区：[1]温州大学化学与材料工程学院,温州325035 [2]北京大学化学与分子工程学院,北京100871

出　　处：《化学通报》2021年第5期497-505,共9页Chemistry

摘　　要：离子的极化和形变是无机化学教学中的一对重要概念,这对概念可以用于解释化合物的结构及许多物理和化学性质。然而一些教科书在介绍这对概念时,大都把极化作用限于阳离子,把形变作用限于阴离子,而忽略了阴离子的极化作用和阳离子的形变作用。同时,在应用这对概念解释化合物结构和性质时,条理上也不十分清晰,甚至还出现自相矛盾的情况,使得学生在学习这对概念时感到困惑。本文介绍了离子的极化和形变这对概念的基本含义,讨论了影响极化能力和形变程度的因素,分析了一些化合物的结构以及溶解度、颜色和热稳定性等物理和化学性质。特别是对一些教学中有争议的问题给出了合理解释。在分析小分子结构时,极化和形变概念的运用可以弥补杂化轨道理论和价层电子对互斥理论的不足。The polarization and deformation of cations and anions is a pair of important concepts in inorganic chemistry education,which can be used to explain the structures,and many physical and chemical properties of compounds.However,in some textbooks,the descriptions on this pair of concepts are ambiguous,which leads to the students puzzled on the understanding of these concepts.In this paper,the fundamental definitions of the polarization and deformation of cations and anions are introduced,and then the influence factors on the concepts are discussed.By using the concepts-polarization and deformation,the structures,solubility,color and thermal stability of some compounds are analyzed.Especially,reasonable explanations are supplied to some disputable subjects in inorganic chemistry education.On the analysis of the structures of the small molecule compounds by using the concepts of polarization and deformation,the shortages of the hybrid orbital theory and the valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory can be compensated.

关 键 词：离子键 共价键 离子极化 离子形变 分子结构 无机化学 教学 

分 类 号：O61-4[理学—无机化学] G642[理学—化学]