公共事物治理的集体行动研究评述与展望  

Review and prospect of collective action studies on commons governance

作　　者：王亚华[1,2] 舒全峰 WANG Yahua;SHU Quanfeng(School of Public Policy and Management,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China;China Institute of Rural Studies,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学公共管理学院,北京100084 [2]清华大学中国农村研究院,北京100084

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2021年第4期118-131,共14页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国特色水权市场制度体系研究”(批准号:15ZDB164);国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目“中国公共政策理论与治理机制研究”(批准号:71721002);清华大学“水木学者”计划(批准号:2019SM101)。

摘　　要：“公地悲剧”是人口和资源环境管理面临的经典问题。过去半个多世纪以来,在围绕治理“公地悲剧”的学术探讨中,诞生了公共事物(Commons)治理的新兴学科方向。开展有效的集体行动是解决“公地悲剧”问题的关键,集体行动理论由此成为公共事物治理知识体系的精华。文章评述了公共事物治理中的集体行动理论进展,通过对集体行动的概念、经典理论框架、具体影响因素及机制的系统梳理,为人口和资源环境管理研究提供理论参考。文章还分析了公共事物治理研究在我国的现状和前景,认为推进中国情境下的公共事物治理研究,还有许多方面有待进一步探索:第一,聚焦中国特色的制度环境和本土实践,开展更多中国情境下的公共事物治理研究;第二,关注城市社会和数字时代的新兴公共事物,推动城市空间和数字空间治理的集体行动研究;第三,重视集体行动中的微观个体行为与动机,积极运用实验方法,引入行为心理学视角,探究集体行动的微观机制;第四,应对新技术给公共事物治理带来的机遇和挑战,探讨如何利用新技术增进公共事物治理中的集体行动。公共事物治理理论、方法和政策上的不断提升,可以为解决中国情境下的“公地悲剧”问题做出越来越多的知识贡献。‘Tragedy of the commons’is a classic question in the management of population,resources,and environment.Over the past half century,a new discipline of commons governance has been born in the academic discussion on the governance of‘tragedy of the commons.’Carrying out effective collective action is the key to overcome the‘tragedy of the commons’,and collective action theory has thus become the foundation of the knowledge of commons governance.This paper reviews the development of collective action theory in commons governance,and provides a theoretical reference for the study of population,resources,and environment management by systematically reviewing the concept,classical theoretical framework,specific influencing factors and mechanisms of collective action.The paper also analyzes the current situation and prospects of commons governance research in China,and argues that there are many aspects that deserve to be further explored.Firstly,focus should be given to the institutional environment and local practices with Chinese characteristics,and more research should be carried out on the governance of commons in the Chinese context.Secondly,much concern should be given to the emerging commons in the digital age and urban society,and collective action research should be promoted on the governance of urban space and digital space.Thirdly,we should pay attention to micro-individual behavior and motivation in collective action,actively use experimental methods,introduce behavioral psychology perspectives,and explore the micro-mechanism of collective action.Fourthly,we should deal with the opportunities and challenges of commons governance brought by new technologies,and explore how to use new technologies to enhance collective action in commons governance.Through further improvement in theory,method,and practice,we can contribute more knowledge to overcome the‘tragedy of the commons’in the Chinese context.

关 键 词：公地悲剧 公共事物 公共治理 集体行动 奥斯特罗姆 

分 类 号：F323.213[经济管理—产业经济]