耕作与覆盖措施对黄土塬区春玉米田土壤水气传输的影响  

Effects of tillage and mulching methods on soil water and gas transport in spring maize field on the Loess Plateau

作　　者：刘萌 付威 樊军[1,2] 代子俊 郝明德[1,2] LIU Meng;FU Wei;FAN Jun;DAI Zi-jun;HAO Ming-de(State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2021年第5期814-825,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41830754);陕西省重点研发计划(2020NY-158)。

摘　　要：【目的】良好的土壤物理和水力学性质是土壤肥力可持续的基础。研究黄土高原旱作农业区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对土壤水气传输性质的影响,为黄土塬区可持续的农田管理提供参考。【方法】基于设在渭北旱塬始于2002年的田间定位试验,选取传统耕作(CT)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)、传统耕作+全膜覆盖(TWP)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NS)、免耕+地膜覆盖(NP)、免耕+生草覆盖(NG)共8个处理。于2019年春玉米收获期采集剖面土样,对0—10、10—20、20—30和30—40 cm土层土壤质量含水量、容重、导气率、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率进行测定与分析。【结果】与CT处理相比,TS处理显著增加了0—40 cm土壤平均质量含水量,降低了0—40 cm各层土壤导气率,增加了各层土壤相对气体扩散率,表层(0—10 cm)土壤饱和导水率显著降低了75.9%;TP处理收获期耕层(0—20 cm)土壤容重增加,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,在0—10 cm土层,土壤导气率显著提高了54.1%;TWP处理耕层土壤容重显著增加,土壤总孔隙度显著降低,剖面0—40 cm土壤导气率和饱和导水率分别平均增加了64.8%和111.2%,尤其是表层土壤导气率显著提高了99.5%。与NT处理相比,NS处理耕层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度增加,表层土壤质量含水量、相对气体扩散率和饱和导水率分别显著提高了14.8%、25.3%和446.4%;NP处理耕层土壤容重增加,总孔隙度降低,表层土壤质量含水量和饱和导水率分别显著增加3.5%和145.2%,土壤导气率显著降低33.7%;NG处理耕层土壤容重降低,总孔隙度增加,表层土壤质量含水量显著提高了11.3%,土壤相对气体扩散率显著降低了42.1%。相同覆盖条件下与传统耕作比较,免耕处理能够降低下层20—40 cm土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度,提高土壤持水性,虽然降低了表层0—10 cm土壤导气率,但提高了土壤相对气体扩散率�【Objectives】Efficient water and gas transportation is necessary for maintaining the sustainability of soil fertility.We investigated the effects of different tillage and mulching measures on physical properties of soil in the dry farming area,to provide reference for sustainable farmland management in the Loess Plateau.【Methods】This study was conducted on a long-term field trial in the Weibei dryland which started in 2002.The selected treatments included conventional tillage(CT),conventional tillage+straw mulching(TS),conventional tillage+plastic film mulching(TP),conventional tillage+whole plastic film mulching(TWP),no-tillage(NT),no-tillage+straw mulching(NS),no-tillage+plastic film mulching(NP),and no-tillage+grass mulching(NG).During the spring maize harvest in 2019,soil samples were collected for the determination of soil water content,soil bulk density,soil air permeability,relative gas diffusion rate,soil mass water content,and saturated hydraulic conductivity(SHC)in 0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm,and 30-40 cm soil layers.【Results】Compared with CT,TS increased average mass water content in 0-40 cm soil layer,decreased air conductivity in 0-40 cm layer,increased relative gas diffusion rate in the four soil layers,but reduced SHC in 0-10 cm layer by 75.9%.Compared with CT,TP increased soil bulk density in 0-20 cm layer,increased soil air conductivity in 0-10 cm layer by 54.1%,but reduced total soil porosity in 0-40 cm layer.Compared with CT,TWP treatment increased soil bulk density in 0-20 cm layer,increased soil air conductivity in 0-40 cm layer by 64.8%,increased SHC in 0-40 cm layer by 111.2%,but decreased total soil porosity.Compared with NT,NS increased total porosity in 0-10 cm layer,increased surface soil mass water content,relative gas diffusion rate,and saturated hydraulic conductivity by 14.8%,25.3%,and 446.4%,respectively,but reduced soil bulk density.Compared with NT,NP decreased total porosity,decreased soil air conductivity by 33.7%,but increased surface soil mass water content and SHC b

关 键 词：免耕 覆膜 导气率 相对气体扩散率 饱和导水率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]