太赫兹单光子探测器  

Terahertz single photon detectors

作　　者：石粒力 吴敬波 涂学凑 金飚兵 陈健 吴培亨 SHI LiLi;WU JingBo;TU XueCou;JIN BiaoBing;CHEN Jian;WU PeiHeng(Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics(RISE),School of Electronic Science and Engineering,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China;Purple Mountain Laboratories,Nanjing 211111,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学电子科学与工程学院,超导电子学研究所,南京210023 [2]紫金山实验室,南京211111

出　　处：《中国科学：物理学、力学、天文学》2021年第5期20-36,共17页Scientia Sinica Physica,Mechanica & Astronomica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(编号:61521001,61701219);江苏省自然科学基金(编号:BK20170649);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金;江苏省电磁波先进调控技术实验室资助项目。

摘　　要：太赫兹波探测技术在天文、国防、安检以及生物等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用.随着技术的发展,太赫兹探测器的灵敏度在不断提高,目前已经发展到单光子探测水平.在太赫兹频段,由于光子能量低,传输损耗较大,太赫兹单光子探测器的研制开发面临极大的技术挑战.本文首先介绍了太赫兹单光子探测器的基本原理、主要指标和测试系统并提出了实现太赫兹单光子探测的基本要求.然后,介绍了几种常见的太赫兹单光子探测器,包括半导体量子点探测器、量子阱探测器以及超导量子电容探测器,并对这些器件的发展历史、工作原理和性能指标进行了概述.半导体量子点探测器以及量子阱探测器可以实现10^(-21)W/Hz^(1/2)量级的噪声等效功率,并且具有很大的电流响应以及动态范围,但是其量子效率较低.超导量子电容探测器目前已实现1.5 THz的单光子探测,其噪声等效功率优于10^(-20)W/Hz^(1/2)并且探测效率可达90%.此外,纳米测热辐射计等太赫兹探测器也展现了太赫兹单光子探测的前景,本文对其工作原理和发展现状进行了介绍.结合目前国际上的重大研究项目以及报道的应用实例分析了太赫兹单光子探测器在太赫兹成像、天文观测、量子信息等领域的应用前景,阐述了太赫兹单光子探测器在这些应用中的优势.最后,对太赫兹单光子探测器的性能指标进行了总结并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望.Terahertz detection plays an increasingly important role in various fields,such as astronomy,national defense,security checking,and biotechnology.With the development of technology,the sensitivity of terahertz detectors is continuously improving,and the detection of terahertz single photons has been demonstrated in recent years.In the terahertz band,owing to the low photon energy of terahertz photons and serious transmission losses in the atmosphere,research and development on terahertz single-photon detectors have faced significant technical challenges.In this article,we first introduce the operating mechanisms,main performance indicators,and measurement systems for terahertz single-photon detectors and identify the basic requirements for realizing terahertz single-photon detection.We then introduce several terahertz single-photon detectors,including semiconductor quantum dot,semiconductor quantum well,and superconducting quantum capacitance detectors.The history of the development,operating mechanisms,and key indicators of these terahertz single-photon detectors is also summarized.Noise equivalent power of the order of 10^(-21) W/Hz^(1/2) has been achieved using semiconductor quantum dot and quantum well detectors.Although both these have a large current response and dynamic range,their quantum efficiency is low.Superconducting quantum capacitance detectors have achieved single-photon detection at 1.5 THz with a noise equivalent power better than 10^(-20) W/Hz^(1/2) and detection efficiency up to 90%.In addition,some terahertz detectors such as nanobolometers have shown potential for terahertz single-photon detection,and we introduce the operating mechanism and development status of these devices as well.We also analyze the prospects of terahertz single-photon detectors for applications in terahertz imaging,astronomical observations,and quantum information technology,highlighting some major international research projects and reported examples of such applications.We further summarize the advantages of terahert

关 键 词：太赫兹 单光子探测器 量子点 电荷敏感型红外光电晶体管 量子电容 

分 类 号：O572.212[理学—粒子物理与原子核物理] O441.4[理学—物理]