施氮对中药材抗逆性影响及机制  

Effects and mechanisms of nitrogen application on stress resistance of Chinese materia medica

作　　者：葛阳 王升[1] 万修福 康传志 吕朝耕 张文晋 王铁霖[1] 袁庆军[1] 郭兰萍[1] GE Yang;WANG Sheng;WAN Xiu-fu;KANG Chuan-zhi;LYU Chao-geng;ZHANG Wen-jin;WANG Tie-lin;YUAN Qing-jun;GUO Lan-ping(State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China)

机构地区：[1]中国中医科学院中药资源中心道地药材国家重点实验室培育基地,北京100700

出　　处：《中国中药杂志》2021年第8期1901-1909,共9页China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC1700701);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(ZZXT202009,ZZ13-036-2)。

摘　　要：研究表明氮肥对植物的抗逆性具有重要的调控作用。该文总结分析了施氮对中药材非生物胁迫及生物胁迫抗性的影响。结果表明适量施氮能提高中药材的非生物胁迫抗性及抗杂草能力,但过量施氮会对抗性产生不利影响,并且施氮通常降低中药材抗虫性,对不同种病害的抗性调控作用呈现一定差异。在此基础上,从物理结构、生理生化、分子水平抗性3个方面分析了施氮对中药材抗逆性的调控机制:(1)物理结构水平,施氮通常会引起植物地上部分生长加快,降低木质素、纤维素以及硅含量,影响气孔关闭;(2)生理生化水平,施氮会提高中药材中营养物质含量、多种抗氧化酶及抗性相关蛋白活性,提高含氮次生代谢物水平,降低非含氮次生代谢物水平;(3)分子水平,施氮主要通过影响激素、NO等信号分子的合成,调控抗性有关的基因表达水平。降低SA,ABA水平及相关抗性基因表达,提高JA/ETH水平及NO信号分子的表达。需要注意的是,对于不同中药材品种及环境,施氮对抗逆性的调控作用可能存在较大差异,该文旨在为通过科学施氮提高中药材抗逆性的理论研究及实践提供参考。Nitrogen fertilizers play an important role in the regulation of plant stress resistance. Impacts of nitrogen fertilizers on abiotic stress resistance and biotic stress resistance of Chinese materia medica(CMM) were summarized in this study. Adequate nitrogen application improves the abiotic stress resistance and weed resistance of CMM, however adverse effect appears when excess nitrogen is used. Generally, pest resistance decreases along with nitrogen deposition, while effects of nitrogen application on disease resistance vary with different diseases. Mechanisms underlying the impact of nitrogen fertilizers on plant stress resistance were also elucidated in this study from three aspects including physical defense mechanisms, biochemistry mechanisms and molecular defense mechanisms. Nitrogen availability modulates physical barrier of CMM like plant growth, formation of lignin and wax cuticle, and density of stomata. Growth of CMM promoted by nitrogen fertilizer may cause some decrease in pest resistance of CMM due to an increase in hiding places for pest along with plant growth. High ambient humidity caused by excessive plant growth facilitates the growth and development of CMM pathogen. Nitrogen application can also interfere with the accumulation of lignin in CMM which makes CMM more vulnerable to pest and pathogen attack. Stomatal closing delays due to nitrogen application is also a causal factor of increasing pathogen infection after nitrogen deposition. Biochemical defenses of plants are mainly achieved through nutrient elements, secondary metabolites, defense-related enzymes and proteins. Nutritional level of CMM and various antioxidant enzymes and resistance-related protein activities are elevated along with nitrogen deposition. These antioxidant enzymes can reduce the damage of reactive oxygen species content produced by plant in response to adversity and therefore enhance stress resistance of CMM. Researches showed that nitrogen application could also cause an increase in nitrogen-containing secondary me

关 键 词：氮肥 中药材 抗逆性 病害 虫害 

分 类 号：S567[农业科学—中草药栽培]