Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19  

作　　者：Byungchang Jin Rajan Singh Se Eun Ha Hannah Zogg Paul J Park Seungil Ro 

机构地区：[1]Department of Physiology and Cell Biology,University of Nevada School of Medicine,Reno,NV 89557,United States [2]Department of Medicine,Renown Health,Reno,NV 89557,United States

出　　处：《World Journal of Gastroenterology》2021年第19期2341-2352,共12页世界胃肠病学杂志（英文版）

摘　　要：Gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms,such as diarrhea,abdominal pain,vomiting,and anorexia,are frequently observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).However,the pathophysiological mechanisms connecting these GI symptoms to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)infections remain elusive.Previous studies indicate that the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into intestinal cells leads to downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptors resulting in impaired barrier function.While intestinal ACE2 functions as a chaperone for the amino acid transporter B0AT1,the B0AT1/ACE2 complex within the intestinal epithelium acts as a regulator of gut microbiota composition and function.Alternations to the B0AT1/ACE2 complex lead to microbial dysbiosis through increased local and systemic immune responses.Previous studies have also suggested that altered serotonin metabolism may be the underlying cause of GI disorders involving diarrhea.The findings of elevated plasma serotonin levels and high fecal calprotectin in COVID-19 patients with diarrhea indicate that the viral infection evokes a systemic inflammatory response that specifically involves the GI.Interestingly,the elevated proinflammatory cytokines correlate with elevated serotonin and fecal calprotectin levels further supporting the evidence of GI inflammation,a hallmark of functional GI disorders.Moreover,the finding that rectal swabs of COVID-19 patients remain positive for SARS-CoV-2 even after the nasopharynx clears the virus,suggests that viral replication and shedding from the GI tract may be more robust than that of the respiratory tract,further indicating fecal-oral transmission as another important route of viral spread.This review summarized the evidence for pathophysiological mechanisms(impaired barrier function,gut inflammation,altered serotonin metabolism and gut microbiota dysbiosis)underlying the GI symptoms in patients with COVID-19.

关 键 词：COVID-19 Gastrointestinal symptoms Gut microbiota dysbiosis Impaired barrier function SEROTONIN Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor 

分 类 号：R563.1[医药卫生—呼吸系统]