不同耕作方式对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水分利用的影响  

Effects of different tillage methods on maize water utilization and yield under double ridge-furrow and plastic mulching on semi-arid area of northwest China

作　　者：张绪成[1,2] 马一凡 王红丽[1,2] 侯慧芝 于显枫[1,2] 方彦杰 汤瑛芳[3] ZHANG Xucheng;MA Yifan;WANG Hongli;HOU Huizhi;YU Xianfeng;FANG Yanjie;TANG Yingfang(Institute of Dryland Farming,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou 730070,China;Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 730070,China;Institute of Agricultural Economic and Information,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所,兰州730070 [2]甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,兰州730070 [3]甘肃省农业科学院农业经济与信息研究所,兰州730070

出　　处：《生态学报》2021年第9期3603-3611,共9页Acta Ecologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31960398、31560355);甘肃省农业科学院科技成果转化项目(2020GAAS27)。

摘　　要：为明确新型耕作技术——立式深旋耕作对西北黄土高原半干旱区土壤水分含量、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,采用随机区组设计,于2016和2017年设置立式深旋耕作40 cm(VRT)、深松40 cm(SS)、旋耕15 cm(TT)和免耕(ZT)4种耕作方式,测定0—300 cm土层土壤含水量、地上生物量、叶面积指数(LAI)和SPAD、产量等指标,计算阶段耗水量、水分利用效率(WUE)等。结果表明,VRT在2017年播前0—40 cm土层的土壤贮水量分别较SS、TT、ZT增加了7.7、8.6、6.6 mm,在0—100 cm土层增加了18.2、22.8、20.2 mm,均达到显著差异。VRT显著促进干旱年的花前耗水和平水年的花后耗水,提高玉米地上生物量、LAI和SPAD,其中地上生物量较SS、TT、ZT分别增加了14.7%—18.3%、12.7%—18.8%和22.8%—29.1%。基于较为优势的植株生长,VRT籽粒产量较SS、TT和ZT分别增加了12.0%—13.0%、13.7%—33.6%、24.0%—47.4%。因此,虽然VRT提高了玉米耗水,并与ZT达到显著差异水平,导致收获后土壤贮水量低于其他三种耕作方式,但2017年播前0—100 cm土层土壤贮水量显著高于其他3种耕作处理;尽管0—300 cm土层土壤贮水量较SS、TT和ZT下降了11.4、14.8、20.5 mm,但它们之间无显著差异。以上结果表明,VRT能够同时促进玉米耗水和降水入渗,维持土壤水分平衡,是一种有效的抗旱增墒耕作方法,可在半干旱区玉米生产中推广应用。For understanding the effects of new tillage method(i.e.vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage,VRT)on soil water storage,grain yield,and water use efficiency of maize on semiarid rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau,which average annual precipitation and air temperature are 415 mm and 6.2℃,respectively.The randomized block designed field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017.Four treatments were involved:(1)vertically rotary sub-soiling tillage for 40 cm depth(VRT),(2)sub-soiling for 40 cm depths(SS),(3)traditional rotary tillage for 15 cm depths(TT),and(4)zero tillage(ZT).The soil water storage(SWS)in 0—300 cm profile in different growth stages of maize,the foliar SPAD(Soil and Plant Analyzer Development)value,leaf area index(LAI)and plant dry matter in seedling,jointing,tasseling,flowering and filling stages,and the grain yields were recorded,and periodic water consumption,water use efficiency(WUE)were calculated.The results showed that the VRT significantly increased SWS in 0—40 cm soil profile by 7.7,8.6 and 6.6 mm at sowing stage,the corresponding values in 0—100 cm soil profile were 18.2,22.8 mm and 20.2 mm,as compared with SS,TT and ZT,respectively.The VRT improved water consumption in pre-flowering period in drought year(2016),in post-flowering period at normal year(2017)significantly,resulted in higher aboveground biomass,leaf area index and SPAD value.For example,the aboveground biomass of VRT were significantly increased by 14.7%—18.3%,12.7%—18.8%and 22.8%—29.1%compared with SS,TT and ZT,respectively.Based on the well-developed plant individual and population,the VRT increased maize grain yield by 12.0%—13.0%,13.7%—33.6%,24.0%—47.4%in 2016 and 2017,as compared with SS,TT and ZT,respectively.The VRT promoted water consumption of maize,the significant difference was observed while compared to ZT,resulted in the lower SWS at harvesting stage.However,more precipitation was stored in soil in VRT,the soil water storage in 0—100 cm profile of VRT were significantly higher than SS,

关 键 词：西北黄土高原半干旱区 立式深旋耕作 玉米 阶段耗水 产量 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]