灌溉方式及生物质炭对冬小麦产量及水肥利用效率的影响  

The Effects of Irrigation and Biochar Amendment on Yield and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat

作　　者：刘杰云 邱虎森 张文正[1] 蔡九茂[1] 王晓森[1] 吕谋超[1] LIU Jieyun;QIU Husen;ZHANG Wenzheng;CAI Jiumao;WANG Xiaosen;LYU Mouchao(Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Farmland Irrigation Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xinxiang 453002,China;School of Environment and Surveying Engineering,Suzhou University,Suzhou 234100,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所/农业农村部节水灌溉工程重点实验室,河南新乡453002 [2]宿州学院环境与测绘工程学院,安徽宿州234100

出　　处：《灌溉排水学报》2021年第6期59-65,共7页Journal of Irrigation and Drainage

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(42007089);中央级科研院所基本科研业务费专项(FIRI2019-01-02);NSFC-河南人才培养联合基金项目(U1504530)。

摘　　要：【目的】研究不同灌溉方式下适宜的生物质炭添加量。【方法】采用田间小区试验,研究了不同灌溉方式(漫灌、滴灌、微喷灌、喷灌)与生物质炭不同添加量(0、10 t/hm2和20 t/hm2)对冬小麦产量及其构成要素、灌溉水利用效率及氮肥表观利用效率的影响。【结果】与漫灌处理相比,滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌处理在节水约50%的条件下,其籽粒产量均有所降低,但未达到显著水平(p>0.05)。滴灌降低了秸秆产量,并增加了小麦收获指数。喷灌降低了每穗的实粒数,提高了空瘪率。生物质炭添加对冬小麦氮肥表观利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均没有显著影响(p>0.05)。节水灌溉处理的氮肥表观利用效率较漫灌处理有所降低,但差异不显著(p>0.05)。与漫灌处理相比,滴灌、喷灌、微喷灌处理均显著提高了灌溉水利用效率(p<0.05),增幅分别为42.79%、39.09%和47.71%,且滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌条件下添加生物质炭处理的灌溉水利用效率也显著高于漫灌条件下的生物质炭处理(p<0.05)。【结论】滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌在不明显降低作物产量的条件下可节水约50%。生物质炭添加量对不同灌溉方式下的小麦产量及水肥利用效率均没有显著影响。综合考虑作物生长、产量、灌溉水利用效率等因素,初步认为滴灌为华北地区冬小麦较为适宜的灌溉方式。【Background and Objective】The dwindling water resources in north China over the past decades has called for improving irrigation water use efficiency and reducing groundwater extraction,especially for winter wheat whose production largely relies on irrigation.While various water-saving irrigation technologies have been developed and tested,how agronomic management can help improve water use efficiency remains absurd.The purpose of this paper is to investigate the efficacy of biochar amendment coupled with different irrigations to improve soil structure and boost winter wheat yield.【Method】The experiment was conducted from October 2018 to June 2019 in a field in central China.It consisted of four irrigations:flooding,drip,sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigations.Added to each irrigation were three biochar amendments at rates of 0,10 t/hm2 and 20 t/hm2 respectively.All treatments were randomly arranged in the field.In each treatment,we measured the yield and yield traits,irrigation water use efficiency and apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of the wheat.【Result】Neither irrigation method nor biochar amendment showed noticeable effects on stem height and root length.Using 50%of the water used in flooding irrigation,drip irrigation,sprinkler irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation all reduced grain yield though not at significant level(p>0.05).Drip irrigation reduced straw yield but increased harvest index of the wheat.In contrast,sprinkler irrigation reduced grain numbers per ear and increased the ratio of defect grains,resulting in yield reduction.Biochar amendment did not show significant effect on irrigation water use efficiency and apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency(p>0.05).Compared with flooding irrigation,drip,sprinkler and micro-sprinkler irrigations reduced the apparent nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency although the difference between them was not significant(p>0.05).Compared with flooding irrigation,drip irrigation,sprinkler irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation increase

关 键 词：灌溉方式 生物质炭 冬小麦产量 灌溉水利用效率 氮肥表观利用效率 

分 类 号：S275.3[农业科学—农业水土工程]