新型土壤消毒一体机提高棉隆土壤分布均匀性  

A New Integrated Soil Disinfection Machine Improves the Uniformity of Dazomet in Soil

作　　者：方文生[1] 曹坳程[1] 王秋霞[1] 颜冬冬[1] 李园[1] 靳茜 赵奇龙 仇耀康 赵宏明 FANG WenSheng;CAO AoCheng;WANG QiuXia;YAN DongDong;LI Yuan;JIN Xi;ZHAO QiLong;QIU YaoKang;ZHAO HongMing(Institute of Plant Protection,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193;Joint Center of Soil Remediation of Baoding University and Institute of Plant Protection,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Baoding 071000,Hebei;Anhui Chunhui Ecological Environment Technology Co.LTD,Wuhu 241000,Anhui;Chunhui(Shanghai)Agricultural Science and Technology Development Co.,LTD,Shanghai 200135;Jiangsu Nantong Shizhuang Chemical Co.LTD,Nantong 226000,Jiangsu)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所,北京100193 [2]中国农业科学院植物保护研究所-保定学院土壤修复联合中心,河北保定071000 [3]安徽春晖生态环境科技有限公司,安徽芜湖241000 [4]春晖(上海)农业科技发展股份有限公司,上海200135 [5]江苏南通施壮化工有限公司,江苏南通226000

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第12期2570-2580,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0201600);国家自然科学基金(31972313,32001952);现代农业产业技术体系北京市创新团队(BAIC01-2017);中国博士后科学基金(2019M660895)。

摘　　要：【目的】棉隆是我国应用面积和使用量最大的固态土壤熏蒸剂,对土传病原菌、线虫、地下害虫及杂草均具有优异的防治效果。但棉隆施用靠手撒方式进行,极易造成药剂漂移、土壤分布不均匀,导致药量少的地方熏蒸效果下降,而药量大的地方出现药害。提高施药技术、开发高效安全的施药器械是棉隆应用的必经之路。本研究通过土壤消毒一体机进行棉隆施药,增加药剂施药深度、改善棉隆土层分布均匀性。【方法】结合田间熏蒸及室内培养试验,采用顶空进样技术及气质联用检测技术分析气体异硫氰酸甲酯(MITC)及土壤残存MITC在0—40 cm不同深度土层的垂直分布特征,结合特异性选择培养基对土传致病菌镰孢菌属、疫霉菌属进行分离培养计数定量、分析0—40 cm不同深度土层致病菌发生情况,评估新型土壤消毒一体机进行棉隆施药后,药剂在不同深度土层(0—40 cm)的分布均匀性及对病原物的防治效果。【结果】安徽、山西、河北三地熏蒸试验均表明,棉隆机施模式下,药剂均匀分布于0—40 cm深度土层,气态及土壤存留MITC溶度分别为1.46—3.02、18.67—26.27μg/g土,且各深度土层间MITC溶度无显著差异;而棉隆手撒模式下,无论是气态MITC还是土壤存留MITC均主要集中在0—10 cm深度土层,20—40 cm土层未检测到这两种形态MITC;提高棉隆用量,不能增加手撒模式下20—40 cm深度土层MITC溶度,但显著增加0—10 cm及机施模式下0—40 cm深度各土层MITC溶度。对病原菌防治效果结果表明,机施模式下0—40 cm深度各土层镰孢菌属及疫霉菌属减退率达90%—100%,而手撒模式下表层土壤(0—10 cm)疫霉菌属和镰孢菌属减退率达90%—100%、但20—40 cm深度土层病原物减退率低于43%。棉隆40与60 g·m-2处理对疫霉菌防治效果无显著差异。【结论】新型土壤消毒一体机可大幅提高棉隆在不同深度土层的分�【Objective】Dazomet is the granular soil fumigant with the largest applied area and used amount in China,which has excellent control effect on soil-borne pathogens,nematode,underground insects and weeds.However,dazomet application through hand can easily lead to drug drift and uneven soil distribution,which significantly reducing the fumigation effects.Therefore,it is high time to find an efficient and safe application technology of dazomet.In this study,an integrated soil disinfection machine was applied to increase the depth of pesticide application and improve the distribution uniformity of soil layer of dazomet.【Method】The field fumigation was combined with indoor culture experiments to evaluate the distribution uniformity of the fumigant in different depth layers(0-40 cm)as well as the control effects on Fusarium and Phytophthora following dazomet fumigation by a new integrated soil disinfection machine(NIM).The headspace sampling and GC-MS were used to investigate the vertical distribution characteristics of gas methyl isothiocyanate(MITC)and residual MITC in soil at different depths of 0-40 cm.The specific culture medium was used to isolate the soil-borne pathogens of Fusarium and Phytophthora in soil,and then the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria at different depths of 0-40 cm were analyzed.【Result】The fumigation tests in Anhui,Shanxi and Hebei all showed that,under the model of machine application,fumigant dazomet was evenly distributed in 0-40 cm deep soil layer,the concentration of MITC in gas and in soil was 1.46-3.02 and 18.67-26.27μg/g soil,respectively,and there was no significant difference in MITC solubility among different deep soil layers.However,in the hand-sprinkling mode,dazomet was mainly distributed in 0-10 cm deep soil layer,and no MITC was detected in 20-40 cm deep soil layer.In addition,MITC solubility in 20-40 cm deep soil layer could not be increased by increasing dazomet application dosage under the hand-sprinkling mode,but MITC solubility in 0-10 cm deep soil layer under

关 键 词：土壤熏蒸 棉隆 消毒器械 土传病害 异硫氰酸甲酯 

分 类 号：S472[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]