土地确权:多样化的产权证明--证书、合同及口头协约的比较分析  

Land Registration:Diverse Forms of Property Right Documents--A Comparative Analysis of Certificate,Contract and Oral Agreement

作　　者：李怡忻 丰雷[1] LI Yixin;FENG Lei(School of Public Administration and Policy,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学公共管理学院,北京100872

出　　处：《农业经济与管理》2021年第2期77-92,共16页Agricultural Economics and Management

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金项目(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)(21XNL003)。

摘　　要：安全、稳定的地权以多种形式存在于现实中,形成地权连续体,并对应多样化的产权证明形式,土地确权发放证书只是其中之一。通过梳理各国主要产权证明,比较分析了证书、合同及口头协约的差异,并应用农地流转实践进一步验证。研究表明,对地权连续体和产权证明体系按照难易程度、适用情境和正式程度等标准分类,有利于深入理解地权复杂、多样、重叠的特性。证书具有纸质版生效要件,由政府全面、统一登记认证,最具权威性,但其有效作用条件存在广泛争论;合同具有纸质版生效要件,具有实施成本较低、保障力较强及流转范围扩大优势,但缺乏完整性、公正性和内容统一性;口头协约不具有纸质版生效要件,通过口头许诺或村规民约确定产权从属,具有成本低、灵活性高、接纳度强等优势,存在风险高、琐碎分散、保障性差等不足。为保证确权登记颁证工作顺利进行,可采用多元化确权方式,根据不同地区资源禀赋条件因地制宜、循序渐进,将合同、口头协约等作为证书的重要补充,同时加强宣传教育,提高农民产权认知和契约精神。Land tenure security and stability existed in various forms,corresponding lots of property right documents in reality,which combine into a land tenure continuum.Land registration and certificate were one of the most well-known ways nowadays.The research summarized the main forms of property right certificate in various countries,compared and analyzed certificate,contract and oral agreement,and further verified them in the practice of farmland transfer in China.The main results were:(i)The current land tenure continuums could be varied into three types based on its difficulty level,applicable situation and formal level.These classification methods revealed the complex,diverse and overlapping characteristics of land tenure.(ii)The merits and shortcomings of certificate,contract and oral agreement were found through the comparative analysis among them.Oral agreement proved land tenure through verbal promise or local custom without any paper validation essentials,which made it advantageous on registration cost,flexibility,and acceptance,but also appeared risky,sporadic and insecure.Contract contained the paper requirement for the validation and had the advantages in better security and larger transferring scope,while lacked integrity,impartiality and content unity.Certificate was issued by the government with documents which made it able to promote economy,ensure equity and enlarge transfer range.However,the argument about its effectiveness was still on going.Hence,in order to confirm the progress of land registration and certification undertaking smoothly,the government could take multiple registration methods,for example,adjusting measures to local conditions and promoting the reform smoothly,or taking oral agreement and contract as the crucial supplements of certificates and strengthening the propaganda and education about farmers'awareness of property rights and spirit of contract.

关 键 词：土地确权 证书 合同 口头协约 地权连续体 

分 类 号：F301.11[经济管理—产业经济]