从区域实践到普遍参与:BBNJ协定下公海治理的条约困境  

From regional practice to universal participation:the dilemma of treaties on high seas governance under the BBNJ treaty

作　　者：刘美 管建强[1] LIU Mei;GUAN Jian-qiang(School of International Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 200042,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学国际法学院,上海200042

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2021年第2期102-112,共11页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2018年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“军民融合战略下海上通道安全法治保障研究”(18ZDA155);华东政法大学优秀博士论文培育项目“平时国际法下军舰海上执法的困境与出路”(2020-1-015)。

摘　　要：BBNJ协定将海洋保护区问题纳入谈判范畴,意在遏制公海治理中“公地悲剧”与“反公地悲剧”的继续演化,缓解公海自由与海洋保护的矛盾,调和主权国家间的利益冲突。然而,囿于条约相对效力原则,除非公海保护区条约所载规则为习惯国际法,否则对非缔约方无拘束力。而习惯国际法的形成有赖于国家实践,即使被认定为习惯国际法,非缔约方仍可依据一贯反对者规则主张不受其约束,此外,国际社会新设例外规则约束非缔约方的动力亦不足。为实现公海保护区的普遍参与,应当在BBNJ协定制度构建上突出互利性,增强公海保护区制度与现有公海治理规则的互补性,坚持规则定向与价值导向并重,以条约实践促进非缔约方实践,以破解公海保护区的条约困境。The propose of marine protected areas issue under the BBNJ negotiation,which intends to promote the overall governance of the high seas,helps curb the continued evolution of the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anticommons under the governance of the high seas.It also helps alleviate the contradiction between freedom of high seas and marine protection,and reconcile conflicts of interests between the states.However,unless the rules of the high seas marine protected areas treaties are customary international law,of which the formation depends on the practices of states,the non-parties cannot be bound due to the principle of relative validity of treaties.Even if the relevant rules are customary international law,the non-parties can still claim to be unfettered under the rule of persistent objector.In addition,the international community has a limited impetus to formulate new restricted rules to the non-parties.In order to stimulate universal participation in high seas protected areas,mutual benefits should be highly emphasized in the BBNJ agreement,and the complementarity should be enhanced between the high seas protected area rules and existing high seas governance rules.Besides,rules and value orientations should be equally emphasized,and the non-parties’behaviors should be further constrained by increasing treaty practices.Through the above,the dilemma of high seas protected areas treaties can be possibly resolved.

关 键 词：BBNJ协定 公海保护区 条约相对效力 公海治理 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]