“大规模报复”战略与美国海外核部署  

The Strategy of Massive Retaliation and the Overseas Nuclear Deployment of the United States

作　　者：陈波[1] Chen Bo

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系、社会主义历史与文献研究院

出　　处：《世界历史》2021年第2期89-101,151,共14页World History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“美国对朝鲜半岛核政策研究(1955-2001)”(项目编号:20ASS009)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪50年代初,美国氢弹试验成功、核武器小型化、导弹等装载工具的发展及其在这些技术领域的领先,为其国家安全战略的转变提供了可能。艾森豪威尔上台后,实施了更加倚重核武器的"大规模报复"战略。这一战略意在强化核武器的威慑,以此减少常规力量支出,最终实现美国国家安全与经济发展的"大平衡"。为了将抽象的"核威慑能力"变得更具体、更可信,从第二届任期开始,艾森豪威尔政府开始大规模向海外部署核武器。在这一时间段内,美国政府高层在核武器的使用问题上达成一致,借助与盟国既有的"基地权益"进行核存储,并不断通过新闻署的宣传营造有利的舆论环境,为大规模核部署行动扫除思想障碍、做好政策铺垫。美苏在欧亚大陆的核武器部署刺激了两国的核军备竞赛,也使两极对峙的冷战格局更加固化。In the early 1950 s, multiple factors, including the successful hydrogen bomb test, the development of the tactical nuclear weapons,missiles and other loading tools,especially the leading position of the United States in these technical fields,provided the possibility for the United States to achieve the transformation of its national security strategy. After Eisenhower came to power,he started a strategy of Massive Retaliation,which relied more on tactical nuclear weapons. This strategy was called ‘New Look’,which aimed at strengthening the deterrence of nuclear weapons,so as to reduce the expenditure of conventional forces,and finally achieving the ‘duel balance’between national security and economic development. In order to make the abstract‘deterrent capability’more concrete and credible,the Eisenhower administration began to deploy nuclear weapons abroad on a large scale since the beginning of his second term. During this period,the government of the United States finally reached an agreement on the use of nuclear weapons,proceeded with the nuclear storage in virtue of the help of the existing ‘base rights’ of its allies,and continued to create a favourable public opinion environment through the propaganda by the United States Information Agency( USIA),laying a good foundation for nuclear deployment. The deployment of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union in Eurasia respectively not only stimulated the nuclear arms race between these two countries,but also solidified the Cold War regime between the two poles.

关 键 词：美国 冷战史 艾森豪威尔 “大规模报复”战略 核武器 核部署 

分 类 号：E712[军事—军事理论] D815.2[政治法律—国际关系]