“行夫”与“折夫”:明末清初淮安的牙行埠头和运河徭役  

“Hangfu”and“Zhefu”:Brokerage House at Huai’an and the Canal Corvée in the Late Ming and Early Qing

作　　者：张叶 Zhang Ye

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史学系(珠海),珠海519082

出　　处：《中国经济史研究》2021年第3期36-48,共13页Researches in Chinese Economic History

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“明代价格研究与数据库建设”(批准号:17ZDA192)阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：运河徭役经历了从明初佥派杂役到中后期折银官雇的变化过程,徭夫被编入均徭银差,募夫成为河工夫役的重要组成部分。相比于其他徭役,河役及其编审具有特殊性,明末清初,淮安牙行在其中发挥了重要作用。从牙行出夫供役的"山阳行夫",到牙行纳银官雇的行夫银,清初又分化出折夫银和扣利银两种名目,淮安的河夫雇募及其经费来源越发依赖牙行、埠头等中间群体。淮安的牙行、埠头综合了多种功能,兼具多重性质,通过为官府当差纳银来换取在商业贸易中的特权和利益。在河役由力差变为银差之后,牙行的职责从承担徭役编审转变为缴纳商税,税役负担逐渐固定化,也为地方官府增加了正额外收入,引发衙门之间的利益争夺。清初,通过归并征收,统一事权,折夫、扣利等河银最终都被整合进入淮安关的税收体系中,由税关统收分解。The Grand Canal corvée experienced the change progress from forcing labors to paying silver and employing by the government.In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,"mufu"(募夫)became an necessary part of the canal corvées,and brokerage houses at Huai’an played an important role.From the"Shanyang hangfu"(山阳行夫)to"hangfu silver"(行夫银),which was divided to"zhefu silver"(折夫银)and"kouli silver"(扣利银)in the early Qing Dynasty,the employing of canal corvées and its fund source at Huai’an had became more and more depended on the brokerage houses and butou(埠头).After the canal corvée turning from labour force to silver payment,brokerage houses’duty had changed from bearing corvée to paying commercial tax,which made the informal fund of local government increased,and benefit among different government offices conflicted.During the early Qing period,the fund of canal project had finally integrated into the tax system of Huai’an Custom.

关 键 词：明末清初 淮安 牙行 运河徭役 商税 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]