无为之孝:无为何以为孝?--基于江苏北部葛口村的田野调查  

Inactive Filial Piety: How Can It Be Regarded as Filial If Nothing is Done? An Analysis Based on a Field Investigation in Gekou Village in Northern Jiangsu Province

作　　者：庞丹丹[1] PANG Dandan

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2021年第3期100-113,共14页China Rural Survey

摘　　要：基于在江苏北部葛口村为期半年的田野调查,调研发现,由于养老资源供给不足,葛口村不少老人处于养老困境,但同时,其既未提供资源也未提供照顾的儿孙依然被视为孝顺儿孙。无养的老人与孝顺的儿孙,这一矛盾现象何以并存?笔者认为存在以下三个原因:一是村庄舆论在养老与孝道领域的退出,村庄舆论中对"孝"的评价标准由原来的命令性规范转为禁止性规范,标准不断降低;二是农村高龄老人实现自我养老,但这种自我养老背后不是依靠自养能力的提高而是通过不断压缩需求实现的;三是老人自身将养老困境归因于儿媳妇不孝,在亲代与子代关系中,儿媳妇起到了安全阀作用,发挥了替罪羊机制,而这解释了为何即使处于养老困境,老人依然对儿孙的不作为表示理解。一方面,葛口村的老人普遍面临养老资源供给不足的困境,老人自身虽然接受现状,理解儿孙的不易,但他们依然是抱怨和不满的,只是这种不满指向了不孝的儿媳妇;另一方面,只需一个体面的丧礼,没有打骂老人的污点,儿孙就可以成为孝顺儿孙。笔者把"儿孙行动上的未供养与声誉中的孝顺"这一矛盾现象概括为"无为之孝"。"无为之孝"这一现象的出现,在某种程度上反映了葛口村孝道的衰落。This study is based on a half-year field survey in Gekou village,Northern Jiangsu Province.The analysis finds that many elderly people suffer from pension dilemma because of insufficient supply of pension resources.However,their descendants who neither provide resources nor care for the aged are still regarded as filial.Why does this contradiction coexist between the elderly without support and their filial children and grandchildren?The study proposes three reasons as follows.First,the standard of filial piety has declined,which means the rural public opinion has withdrawn from the area about the aged and the filial piety.The public opinion used to tell what villagers should do to become filial while now it tells villagers what they should not do.Second,the elderly people who are over 75 years old still realize self-support.However,this kind of self-support does not rely on the improvement of self-supporting ability,but through the continuous decrease in their demand.Third,the elderly themselves attribute the pension dilemma to their unfilial daughters-in-law.In the relationship between parents and children,daughters-in-law play a role of safety valve,as a scapegoat for the problem.Back to the question,is it a fact or a kind of imagination?It is a fact that the elderly people in the village are suffering from insufficient supply of pension resources.The elderly themselves know it and complain about it.It is a fact that the standard of filial piety has declined.Their children and grandchildren can become filial children and grandchildren merely by providing a decent funeral and living without the stigma of beating and scolding the elderly.The study concludes that the phenomenon of"filial piety without action"reflects the decline in filial piety,at least in Gekou village.

关 键 词：无为之孝 孝道衰落 村庄舆论 自我养老 替罪羊机制 

分 类 号：C912.8[经济管理]