大国竞争中的战略叙事——中美外交话语博弈及其叙事剧本  

Strategic Narratives in Great Power Competition: The Sino-US Diplomatic Discourse Game and Its Narrative Script

作　　者：曹德军 Cao Dejun(the School of International Relations,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院,北京100872

出　　处：《世界经济与政治》2021年第5期51-79,157,158,共31页World Economics and Politics

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助)项目“战略叙事与外交修辞理论研究”(项目批准号:21XNA007)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：作为战略竞争的"话语武器",外交叙事基于场景设置、因果关系、角色扮演与情节演变四要素组合,直接影响大战略的制定与实施效力。在学理上,既有国际关系文献存在工具性话语分析、沟通行动理论以及后结构主义三大路径,分别指涉话语强制、共识沟通与身份认同。合理的战略叙事有助于降低战略成本、推进安全化框定和提升战略说服能力。长期以来,美国战略叙事推进霸权利益,削弱对手合法性;对内教育说服公众,对外维持战略声誉;维持本体性安全,强化敌意螺旋。冷战期间,美苏两强将彼此定位成意识形态上的"他者"。古巴导弹危机后,美苏战略竞争缓和,双方以共识沟通与话语强制维持两极秩序。冷战后,面对中国的快速发展,美国进一步调整战略叙事。在战略竞争初期,中美叙事以共识沟通为核心,双方构建了"负责任的利益攸关方"与"新型大国关系"等共识性倡议;2008年后中美矛盾凸显,美国对华采取先发制人的话语胁迫。随着特朗普政府挑起中美经贸摩擦以及新冠肺炎疫情危机冲击,中美叙事的情绪对立增加。从冷战到"新冷战",叙事竞争存在多元剧本。相似的竞争却有不同的剧本,悲剧叙事结构可能转向喜剧、浪漫剧或讽刺剧。重塑中美叙事剧本需要把握时机提出新倡议,努力将双边关系框定到"建设性合作、稳定性竞争"的话语上来。As a discursive weapon for strategic competition,narrative is based on a combination of four elements:scenario setting,causality,role-playing and plot evolution,which directly affects the effectiveness of grand strategy formulation and implementation.Theoretically,IR scholars have adopted three approaches to narrative analysis,namely,Instrumental Discourse Analysis,Theory of Communicative Action and Poststructuralism,which respectively correspond to rhetoric coercion,argumentative communication and emotional identity.As sound strategic narratives can reduce strategic costs,advance securitization framing,and enhance strategic persuasion,for a long time,US strategic narratives have been dedicated to advancing hegemonic interests and undermining the legitimacy of adversaries,persuading the public internally and maintaining strategic reputation externally,maintaining ontological security and reinforcing the spiral of hostility.During the Cold War,the US strategic narrative focused on emotional identity,positioning each other as the ideological"other".After the Cuban missile crisis,the US-Soviet strategic competition had eased,with both sides maintaining a bipolar order through argumentative communication and rhetoric coercion.After the Cold War,the United States further adjusted its strategic narrative in the face of a rising China.At the beginning of the strategic competition,the Sino-US narrative was centered on rhetoric coercion,and the two sides constructed many discourses such as"responsible stakeholders"and"new type of major power relations".However,when the conflict between China and the United States increased after 2008,the United States adopted rhetoric coercion strategy to coerce China.With the Trump’s trade war with China and the COVID-19 Crisis,the Sino-US identity contest rhetoric has become prominent.From the Cold War to the New Cold War,similar competitions have different scripts,and it is entirely possible for tragic narrative to shift to comedy,romance,or satire scripts.To reshape the Sino-US stra

关 键 词：大国竞争 战略叙事 中美关系 话语博弈 叙事剧本 

分 类 号：D815[政治法律—国际关系]