晋南黄土旱塬小麦养分投入与化肥减施经济环境效应评价  

Evaluation on Fertilizer Application and Its Economic-Environmental Benefits Associated with Fertilizer Reduction Potential for Dryland Wheat in Loess Plateau of Southern Shanxi Province

作　　者：马红梅[1,2] 曹寒冰 谢英荷 李廷亮[1,2] 刘凯[1] 张奇茹 姜丽伟 曹静 邵靖琳 武文玥 栗文琪 MA HongMei;CAO HanBing;XIE YingHe;LI TingLiang;LIU Kai;ZHANG QiRu;JIANG LiWei;CAO Jing;SHAO JingLin;WU WenYue;LI WenQi(College of Resources and Environment,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801,Shanxi;National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801,Shanxi)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学资源环境学院,山西太谷030801 [2]山西农业大学农业资源与环境国家级实验教学示范中心,山西太谷030801

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第13期2804-2817,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200401);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503124);山西省重点研发计划项目(201803D221005-2);山西省研究生教育创新项目(2020SY191)。

摘　　要：【目的】明确晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦养分投入现状,为当地旱作冬小麦稳产增产、减肥增效和控制农田面源污染提供理论依据。【方法】通过连续9年对黄土旱塬984个小麦种植户进行施肥调查,采用基于冬小麦产量确定的推荐施肥量,评价农户施肥,分析农户施肥的减肥潜力及其经济和环境效益。【结果】调研农户小麦籽粒平均产量3 711 kg·hm^(-2),其中属于低产(≤3 200 kg·hm^(-2))和中产(3 200-4 220 kg·hm^(-2))的农户比例分别占56.0%和18.1%。农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的平均用量分别为292.3 kg N·hm^(-2)、159.8 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)和92.0 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2)。随着产量水平提高,施肥过量(即高投入+很高投入)的农户比例增加,其中氮肥、磷肥和钾肥施用过量的农户比例分别为68.7%、65.1%和57.9%。在各产量水平投入高和很高的农户减肥潜力较大,其中高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥减施量为24.1 kg N·hm^(-2)、12.8 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)和6.2 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),减少比例依次为15.9%、16.7%和16.7%;很高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥减施量为250.9 kg N·hm^(-2)、205.7 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)、124.6 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),减少比例依次为66.5%、76.7%和80.0%。进一步分析表明,高投入和很高投入的农户化肥减施后经济效益可增加251和3 425元/hm^(2),即分别增加4.0%和55.0%;高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的农学效率可分别提高18.8%、23.2%和22.1%,很高投入的可分别提高192.5%、321.3%和388.1%;高投入的农户氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的偏生产力可分别提高20.2%、23.7%和19.2%,很高投入的可分别提高210.4%、317.9%和388.1%。同时,合理降低高投入和很高投入的农户施氮量,N_(2)O排放可分别减少0.3和6.3 kg N_(2)O·hm^(-2),减少幅度为11.2%和72.5%;NH_3挥发分别减少14.1和90.7 kg NH_3 hm^(-2),减幅为20.8%和62.8%;NO_(3)^(-)-N淋洗减少3.1和231.1 kg NO_(3)^(-)-N·hm^(-2),减幅为4.9%和79.6%;整体上,总�【Objective】The aim of this study was to clarify situation of the farmers’nutrient application,so as to provide a theory base for the realization of stable and high yield,high nutrient use efficiency,and lower environmental pollution in dryland wheat production.【Method】A 9-yr survey of 984 farmers was carried out,and a yield based fertilizer recommendation method were used to analyze and evaluate their nutrient applications and the fertilizer reduction potential and economic-environmental benefits in Loess Plateau.【Result】The farmers’wheat yield was lower,with the average of 3711 kg·hm^(-2),and they were allocated into three groups as:low(≤3200 kg·hm^(-2))and moderate(3200-4220 kg·hm^(-2)),respectively,accounting for 56.0%and 18.1%of the total farmers.Farmers’nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P_(2)O_(5))and potassium(K_(2)O)application were very high,with the average of 292.3 kg N·hm^(-2),159.8 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)and 92.0 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2).And the proportion of the high-application farmers were N 68.7%and P_(2)O_(5)65.1%and K_(2)O 57.9%,respectively,which was large in low-yield level.Generally,these high-application farmers were recommended to reduce 24.1 kg N·hm^(-2),12.8 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),and 6.2 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),and the reduction range was N 15.9%,P 16.7%and K 16.7%,respectively,but these very high-application farmers were recommended to reduce 250.9 kg N·hm^(-2),205.7 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2),and 124.6 kg K_(2)O·hm^(-2),and the reduction range was 66.5%,76.7%,and 80.0%,respectively.Then,their economic effects increased by 251 yuan/hm2 and 3425 yuan/hm2,4.0%and 55.0%,NPK agronomic efficiency increased by N 18.8%,P 23.2%,and K 22.1%for the high farmers,and N 192.5%,P 321.3%,and K 388.1%for the very high farmers.NPK partial productivity increased by N 20.2%,P 23.7%,and K 19.2%,and N 210.4%,P 317.9%,K 388.1%,respectively.According to the estimation,the environmental impact of reducing nitrogen application was that emission of the N-pollutant reduced,such as N2O emission decreased by 0.3 kg

关 键 词：黄土旱塬 冬小麦 养分投入 化肥减施 经济环境效应 

分 类 号：X82[环境科学与工程—环境工程] S512.1[农业科学—作物学]