保护性耕作技术研究现状及展望  

Current situation and prospect of conservation tillage technology

作　　者：尚小龙 曹建斌 王艳 杨炳南[1] 李道义[1] 王辉[1] Shang Xiaolong;Cao Jianbin;Wang Yan;Yang Bingnan;Li Daoyi;Wang Hui(Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences,Beijing,100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业机械化科学研究院,北京市200083

出　　处：《中国农机化学报》2021年第6期191-201,共11页Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0700602)。

摘　　要：保护性耕作体系将耕作方法和种植农艺结合起来,通过避免土壤扰动以减少农田侵蚀和水分流失,增加土壤有机质,从而增加和改善健康土壤。中国的农田土壤存在肥力偏低、退化严重、水土流失、污染加剧等问题,亟待全面推行保护性耕作方法。根据中国农业生产实际情况和可持续发展需求,首先介绍了国内外在保护性耕作领域的研究进展,分析了秸秆还田、免耕少耕、虫害防治等关键技术和技术装备,并对今后开展保护性耕作技术提出了建议。我国保护性耕作推广应用面积超过7.3×10^(7) hm^(2),旱田小麦—玉米一年两熟区实施保护性耕作平均每年可获经济效益409元/hm^(2),水稻保护性耕作可节省肥料使用量15%,农药10%。保护性耕作的具体实施方法与农业环境条件密切相关,应当因地制宜,有针对性地发展适合各自区域特点的保护性耕作模式,并构建完善的农机农艺配套体系。Conservation tillage systems combine farming methods with planting agronomy to increase and improve healthy soil by avoiding soil disturbances to reduce farmland erosion and water loss and increase organic soil matter.At present,most of the farmland soil in China has several problems like low fertility,severe degradation,soil erosion,and aggravated pollution.The full implementation of conservation farming methods is urgent.According to the present situation of China s agricultural production and the demand for sustainable development,the research progress of conservation tillage at home and abroad was first introduced.Then the key technologies and equipment such as straw mulching,no-tillage and less tillage,and pest control were analyzed.Finally,suggestions on the future development of conservation tillage technology were put forward.The extension area of conservation tillage in China exceeded 7.3×10^(7) hm^(2).If conservation tillage was carried out in two-cropping winter wheat and maize in a year,the economic benefits as high as 409 yuan/hm^(2) could be achieved.Rice under conservation tillage could save 15% of fertilizer and 10%of pesticide per year.The implementation of conservation tillage is closely related to agricultural and environmental conditions.Therefore,it is necessary to develop the conservation tillage mode suitable for the characteristics of each region according to local conditions and build a perfect supporting system of agricultural machinery and technology.

关 键 词：保护性耕作 秸秆还田 免耕播种 土壤有机质 耕作装备 

分 类 号：S226.6[农业科学—农业机械化工程]