Principles for managing marine ecosystems prone to tipping points  

作　　者：Kimberly A.Selkoe Thorsten Blenckner Margaret R.Caldwell Larry B.Crowder Ashley L.Erickson Timothy E.Essington James A.Estes Rod M.Fujita Benjamin S.Halpern Mary E.Hunsicker Carrie V.Kappel Ryan P.Kelly John N.Kittinger Phillip S.Levin John M.Lynham Megan E.Mach Rebecca G.Martone Lindley A.Mease Anne KSalomon Jameal F.Samhouri Courtney Scarborough Adrian C.Stier Crow White Joy Zedler 

机构地区：[1]National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis,735 State Street,Suite 300,Santa Barbara,California 93101 USA [2]Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology,University of Hawaii,Kaneohe,Hawaii 96744 USA [3]Stockholm Resilience Centre,Stockholm University,Kra¨ftriket 2B,10691 Stockholm,Sweden [4]Center for Ocean Solutions,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment,Stanford University,473 Via Ortega Room 193,Stanford,California 94305 USA [5]School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences,University of Washington,Seattle,Washington 98195 USA [6]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology,100 Shaffer Road,University of California,Santa Cruz,California 95060 USA [7]Environmental Defense Fund,123 Mission Street,28th Floor,San Francisco,California 94105 USA [8]Bren School of Environmental Science and Management,University of California,Santa Barbara,California 93106 USA [9]Imperial College London,Silwood Park Campus,Buckhurst Road,Ascot SL57PY United Kingdom [10]School of Marine and Environmental Affairs,University of Washington,3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE,Seattle,Washington 98105-6715 USA [11]Conservation International,Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans,7192 Kalaniana‘ole Highway,Suite G230,Honolulu,Hawaii 96825 USA [12]Conservation Biology Division,Northwest Fisheries Science Center,National Marine Fisheries Service,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,2725 Montlake Boulevard East,Seattle,Washington 98112 USA [13]Department of Economics,University of Hawaii at Manoa,Honolulu,Hawaii 96822 USA [14]School of Resource and Environmental Management,Simon Fraser University,Burnaby,British Columbia V5A1S6 Canada [15]Department of Biological Sciences,California Polytechnic State University,San Luis Obispo,California 93407 USA [16]Botany Department,University of Wisconsin,Madison,Wisconsin 53706 USA

出　　处：《Ecosystem Health and Sustainability》2015年第5期15-32,共18页生态系统健康与可持续性（英文）

基　　金：Primary funding was provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation,with additional support to K.A.Selkoe from National Science Founda-tion(BioOCE Award 1260169).

摘　　要：As climatic changes and human uses intensify,resource managers and other decision makers are taking actions to either avoid or respond to ecosystem tipping points,or dramatic shifts in structure and function that are often costly and hard to reverse.Evidence indicates that explicitly addressing tipping points leads to improved management outcomes.Drawing on theory and examples from marine systems,we distill a set of seven principles to guide effective management in ecosystems with tipping points,derived from the best available science.These principles are based on observations that tipping points(1)are possible everywhere,(2)are associated with intense and/or multifaceted human use,(3)may be preceded by changes in earlywarning indicators,(4)may redistribute benefits among stakeholders,(5)affect the relative costs of action and inaction,(6)suggest biologically informed management targets,and(7)often require an adaptive response to monitoring.We suggest that early action to preserve system resilience is likely more practical,affordable,and effective than late action to halt or reverse a tipping point.We articulate a conceptual approach to management focused on linking management targets to thresholds,tracking early-warning signals of ecosystem instability,and stepping up investment in monitoring and mitigation as the likelihood of dramatic ecosystem change increases.This approach can simplify and economize management by allowing decision makers to capitalize on the increasing value of precise information about threshold relationships when a system is closer to tipping or by ensuring that restoration effort is sufficient to tip a system into the desired regime.

关 键 词：critical transition ecosystem-based management marine spatial planning nonlinear relationships restoration ecology stakeholder engagement 

分 类 号：TN9[电子电信—信息与通信工程]