不同措施对土壤脱盐及棉花生理特征的影响  

Effects of different measures on soil desalination and cotton physiological characteristics

作　　者：文利军 史文娟[1] 何子建[1] 高志永 石肖肖 WEN Lijun;SHI Wenjuan;HE Zijian;GAO Zhiyong;SHI Xiaoxiao(State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi′an University of Technology, Xi′an,Shaanxi 710048, China;Gansu Provincial Water Resources and Hydropower Planning Survey and Design Research Institute Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, Gansu 730000,China)

机构地区：[1]西安理工大学省部共建西北旱区生态水利国家重点实验室,陕西西安710048 [2]甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,甘肃兰州730000

出　　处：《排灌机械工程学报》2021年第8期851-858,共8页Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51379173);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2018JM5051);陕西省教育厅重点实验室科研计划项目(16JS085)。

摘　　要：为明确不同改良措施对膜下滴灌棉田土壤脱盐效果及棉花生理特征的影响,在野外大田设置了3种类型的改良措施试验:膜间间作的生物改良方式(苜蓿+棉花、孜然+棉花、碱蓬+棉花);土壤中施加不同剂量石膏的化学改良方式(分别施加0.75,1.50,2.25 kg/m^(2));生物和化学并用的综合改良方式(苜蓿+石膏、孜然+石膏、碱蓬+石膏)以及1组对照(共10个处理),以期为新疆盐碱地改良提供参考.结果表明:与对照相比,3种改良措施均有一定的脱(抑)盐和增产效果,其中苜蓿处理的脱盐效果最好,整个土层和膜间的脱盐率分别达到了56.0%和20.9%;碱蓬+石膏处理的增产效果最好,增产率达到了22.4%;化学改良和综合改良使得Na+和Cl-在生育期末的膜间土层出现聚集,而生物改良则使其在宽行出现了聚集;不同的改良措施均提高了棉花的蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合速率,且日平均值从大到小表现为综合改良、化学改良、生物改良、对照;各种处理均在一定程度上提高了水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率,从小到大依次为生物改良,化学改良,综合改良.因改良措施不同,对应的效果差异较大.若追求单一脱盐效果,可选用膜间种植苜蓿的生物改良方式.但是,碱蓬+石膏的综合改良处理不仅具有较好的增产效果,且水分利用效率也较高,在新疆盐碱地的改良中具有较好的前景.In order to investigate the effects of different improvement measures on soil desalination and cotton growth in the field with drip irrigation under mulch,which would provide helpful and important information for improving saline-alkali land in Xinjiang,China,three improvement measures including the biological method with intercropping(alfalfa+cotton,cumin+cotton,Suaeda salsa+cotton),the chemical method with different doses of gypsum in soil(0.75 kg/m^(2),1.50 kg/m^(2),2.25 kg/m^(2)),the comprehensive method combined with biological and chemical methods(alfalfa+gypsum,cumin+gypsum,Suaeda salsa+gypsum)were adopted,and the no-measure in cotton field is considered as controls and the total is 10 treatments.The results showed that compared with the control,the three improvement measures were all effective in decreasing soil salt content and increasing cotton yield to some extent.Among the treatments,the intercropping with alfalfa and cotton performed best,with the desalination rate of 56.0%and 20.9%for the whole soil layer and the bare soil strip between plastic mulches respectively;the treatment for the comprehensive method with Suaeda salsa combining gypsum made the highest yield by 22.4%increase.The accumulation of Na+and Cl-occurred at the bare soil strip for chemical and comprehensive improvement measures at the end of the growing period,but this occurred at the wide line for biological improvement measures.The transpiration rate,stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate of cotton were increased for all improvement measures compared with the control,and their main orders were comprehensive measures,chemical measures,biological measures,controls.All measures improved water use efficiency and irrigation water efficiency to some extent compared with the controls,their main order were biological measure,chemical measure,comprehensive measure.In general,the different improvement measures would lead to quite different effects,the biological improvement mesures for intercropping with alfalfa and cotton will be the b

关 键 词：膜下滴灌 盐碱地 生物改良 化学改良 综合改良 

分 类 号：S278[农业科学—农业水土工程] S287[农业科学—农业工程]