黑尔斯实验的诞生从血管搏动到血压测量  

The Birth of Hales’Experiment--from vascular pulsation to blood pressure measurement

作　　者：郭树衍 晋世翔 章梅芳 GUO Shuyan;JIN Shixiang;ZHANG Meifang

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院

出　　处：《科学文化评论》2021年第1期41-56,共16页Science & Culture Review

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目“中国近现代科技文化案例研究”(项目编号:FRF-BR-19-009B)。

摘　　要：关于人类和动物皮肤下血管搏动现象的感知与理解,历史上的学者有着完全不同的描述与解释。"sphygmomanometry"(血压计量法)一词的含义及其所指导实践的历史变化,很好地反映了西方医学范式的古今转换。古希腊名医盖伦醉心于用各种形象的文字类比地表达:"灵魂能力"(dunamis)使得心脏和动脉一起"sphygmos"(搏动),而17世纪的医生哈维和一些生理学家则将这种搏动彻底归为心脏节律性地机械性泵血,造成血流作用于血管壁的压力变化。后者作为科学革命的重要组成部分,推动人们进一步摆脱古代自然目的论关于生命现象的解释。随后,用"manometer"(机械计量装置)对特定生命现象进行度量的实践全面铺开。黑尔斯的血压测量实验就是其中重要的代表,为近代医学实践的机械化与量化开辟了道路。Scholars in history have completely different descriptions and interpretations of the perception and understanding of subcutaneous vascular pulsation in humans and animals.The meaning of the term"sphygmomanometry"and the historical changes of the practices they guide closely reflect the conversion of western medical paradigm from ancient to modern.The famous ancient Greek physician Galen addicted himself to figurative analogies and believed it was dunamis that made the heart and arteries"sphygmos"(pulse)simultaneously,while the 17 th-century physician Harvey and some physiologists attributed the pulses entirely to changes in the pressure of the blood flow acting on the walls of blood vessels caused by the heart’s rhythmically mechanical pumping of blood.The latter,as an important part of the scientific revolution,pushed people to further get rid of the ancient natural teleological explanation of life phenomena.The practice of measuring specific life phenomena with a"manometer"was then fully developed.Then,the practice of measuring specific life phenomena with"manometer"was spread out in an all-round way.Hales’blood pressure measurement experiment was an important representative,which paved the way for the mechanization and quantification of modern medical practice.

关 键 词：盖伦 血管搏动 哈维 血压 黑尔斯 

分 类 号：N09[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学] Q98[生物学—人类学]