不同施肥对河套灌区瓜田土壤养分及甜瓜生长和养分利用的影响  

Effects of Different Fertilizations on Soil Nutrients and Muskmelon Growth and Nutrient Utilization in the Hetao Irrigation District

作　　者：郭雨浓 刘宝玉 郑直 张赛峰 王培周 周建斌[1] 陈竹君[1] GUO Yunong;LIU Baoyu;ZHENG Zhi;ZHANG Saifeng;WANG Peizhou;ZHOU Jianbin;CHEN Zhujun(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100;Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Bayannur,Bayannur,Inner Mongolia 015000)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,农业农村部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [2]巴彦淖尔市植保植检站,内蒙古巴彦淖尔015000

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2021年第4期230-236,共7页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0201302)。

摘　　要：采用田间试验研究了内蒙古巴彦淖尔市河套灌区甜瓜一次性施肥、覆膜后灌水淋洗排盐传统种植模式下不同施肥对土壤养分及甜瓜产量、品质和养分利用的效应,不同施肥处理包括不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF,N 445.5 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5) 399 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 54 kg/hm^(2))、优化减量施肥(RF,N 240 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5) 150 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2))、控释肥(RSF,控释尿素N 240 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5) 150 kg/hm^(2),K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2))、优化减量施肥+有机肥(RF+OM,增加有机肥15 t/hm^(2))、控释肥+有机肥(RSF+OM)6个处理。结果表明:RSF在甜瓜生育期维持较高的土壤氮素水平,与单施化肥相比,RF+OM、RSF+OM处理可以维持土壤有机质含量,培肥土壤。各施肥处理与CK相比,甜瓜产量均显著增加(P<0.05),RSF+OM处理产量显著高于CF处理,RF、RSF及RF+OM处理与CF处理相比产量和品质提高,但差异不显著。RF、RSF处理氮素利用效率比CF处理分别提高15.1,21.5个百分点,磷素利用效率分别提高20.4,18.8个百分点。化肥减施及施用控释肥对减少河套地区甜瓜农田灌溉退水中氮素汇入乌梁素海引起的面源污染具有重要的生态环境意义。A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients,yield,quality and nutrient utilization of muskmelon in the Hetao Irrigation District of Bayannur city,Inner Mongolia.The traditional planting mode of fertilization and irrigation was that after all fertilizers was added and mulched with plastic film,flood irrigation was applied to leach salt,then the seeds were sowed.Six treatments were set up,including CK treatment without any fertilizer(CK),conventional fertilization treatment(CF,N 445.5,P_(2)O_(5) 399,and K_(2)O 54 kg/hm^(2)),reduced and optimized fertilization treatment(RF,N 240,P_(2)O_(5) 150,and K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2)),reduced controlled-release fertilization treatment(RSF,controlled-release urea,N 240,P_(2)O_(5) 150,and K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2)),reduced and optimized fertilization combined with organic manure treatment(RF+OM,combined with organic manure 15 t/hm^(2)),reduced controlled-release fertilization combined with organic manure treatment(RSF+OM).The results showed that the soil nitrogen content of RSF treatment was higher during the growth period of muskmelon.Treatments added with manure(RF+OM,RSF+OM)maintained the level of soil organic matter,therefore increased soil fertility,as compared with the treatments only added the chemical fertilizers.Compared with no fertilization(CK),the yield of muskmelon in all fertilization treatments increased significantly(P<0.05).The yield of RSF+OM treatment was significantly higher than that of CF treatment;and there were no significant differences between the yield and quality of RF,RSF and RF+OM treatments compared with the CF.Compared with CF treatment,RF and RSF treatments increased the nitrogen use efficiency by 15.1% and 21.5%,respectively.Compared with CF,RF and RSF treatments increased the phosphate use efficiency by 20.4% and 18.8%,respectively.Reducing the application of chemical fertilizer and applying controlled release fertilizer had important ecological and environmental significance for reducing nit

关 键 词：化肥减施 控释尿素 土壤养分 甜瓜生长 养分利用率 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]