常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施用对旱作春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响  

Effects of one-time application of controlled-release urea combinated with solid granular urea on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of spring maize in dryland

作　　者：张杰[1] 徐芳蕾 薄其飞 唐安 高嘉瑞 王永亮 李世清[1,2] 岳善超 ZHANG Jie;XU Fang-lei;BO Qi-fei;TANG An;GAO Jia-rui;WANG Yong-liang;LI Shi-qing;YUE Shan-chao(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;College of Resources and Environment,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan,Shanxi 030031,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]山西农业大学资源环境学院,山西太原030031

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2021年第6期969-979,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0201801,2017YFD0201807)。

摘　　要：【目的】通过田间试验研究施氮量和施肥方式对旱作春玉米产量、经济效益、干物质累积量、氮素累积利用和土壤无机氮残留的影响,为春玉米高产及高效施肥提供理论支撑。【方法】本研究采用裂区试验,以施肥方式为主处理,包括常规尿素一次施肥(OF)、常规尿素分次施肥(TF)和常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥(MF);施氮量为副处理,设0、60、120、180、240、300 kg/hm^(2)6个施氮水平(N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300)。在玉米十叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、灌浆期(R3)、成熟期(R6)分别采集植株样品,测定植株生物量,并按器官分类测定不同部位的氮含量。【结果】1)3种施肥方式下,随着施氮量的增加产量逐渐增加,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm^(2)后,产量不再显著增加。MF施氮处理的平均产量较OF和TF处理分别显著提高了5.0%和4.2%,经济效益分别提高了7.9%和25.7%。2)增施氮肥显著增加了干物质累积量,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm^(2)后,收获期干物质累积量不再显著增加。N240处理吐丝期和收获期的干物质累积量MF较OF分别增加了19.5%和12.5%。3)增施氮肥显著增加了花前、花后和氮素总累积量。MF方式的N240处理氮素总累积量较OF和TF方式分别显著增加了32.7%、20.9%。4)增施氮肥显著增加了收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量。相同施氮量下,收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量和茎、叶氮向籽粒的转移量都表现为MF>TF>OF,且MF方式显著高于OF方式。5)相比OF和TF方式,MF方式显著提高了氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率,显著降低了无机氮残留和氮表观损失。【结论】常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥方式在施氮量为240 kg/hm^(2)时,显著提高了春玉米的产量、经济效益、氮素累积量和肥料利用率,降低了土壤无机氮残留,为当地高产和高效施肥的最佳方式。【Objectives】A two-year on-farm experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen(N)application rate and fertilization method on spring maize yield,economic income,dry matter accumulation,N accumulation and utilization,and soil inorganic N residues in dryland.【Methods】The experiment had a split-plot design with three fertilization methods(solid granular urea one-time fertilization(OF),solid granular urea basal and top-dress fertilization(TF),and one-time application of a mixture of controlled-release urea and solid granular urea(MF))as the main factors and six different N application rates of 0,60,120,180,240,300 kg/hm^(2)(expressed as N0,N60,N120,N180,N240,N300,respectively)as the sub-factors.For the assessment of biomass and total N contents,maize samples were collected at stage of 10 expanded leaves(V10),silking stage(R1),milking ripening stage(R3)and harvest stage(R6).【Results】1)Yield did not increase when N application rate reached 240 kg/hm^(2) in the three fertilization methods.Yield under MF method was 5.0%and 4.2%higher than those under OF and TF methods,respectively.Economic income under MF method was 7.9%and 25.7%higher than those under OF and TF methods,respectively.2)Dry matter accumulation increased significantly with increase of N application rate in the three fertilization methods.Dry matter accumulation at silking and harvest stages under MF method were significantly higher(19.5%and 12.5%at 240 kg/hm^(2),respectively)than those under OF method.3)Periodical N accumulation at silking and harvest stages increased significantly with N application rate.Total N accumulation due to application of MF method at 240 kg/hm^(2) rate(N240)was 32.7%and 20.9%higher than those of OF and TF methods,respectively.4)N content of stem,leaf and grain at harvest stage and N translocation amount from stem and leave to grain increased significantly with N application rate.Average stem,leaf and grain N contents,and N translocation amount were higher in MF method than those in TF and OF methods.5)MF m

关 键 词：春玉米 掺混控释尿素 施氮量 干物质累积量 氮素累积转移 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]