平台反垄断的法律标准——美国“运通案”的反思与互联网市场界定  

On Legal Standard of the Platform Anti-monopoly

作　　者：丁晓东[1] Ding Xiaodong

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院,北京100872

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2021年第4期77-92,共16页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(19ZDA15)“当代中国国家治理中的规范协同问题研究”。

摘　　要：美国"运通案"是近年来美国和全球作出的关于平台反垄断的最重要案件之一。对美国"运通案"进行分析,可以发现案件的争议集中在合理规则的适用、双边市场的界定以及反转向规则的竞争效应。美国"运通案"给我们带来若干启示:首先,应注重反垄断中的举证责任与诉讼程序设置,以提高反垄断执法的准确性,降低认知错误成本。其次,平台反垄断应引入双边市场理论,将双边市场视为同一市场对待,但应降低原告证明存在平台垄断或危害竞争的责任,要求平台承担更高的反证与说明责任。再次,对于双边市场理论在互联网市场中的界定,应当结合具体商业场景进行分析。最后,平台与互联网企业不仅具有市场主体的性质,而且具有组织市场与重构市场的性质,而传统反垄断法则假设了企业的市场主体身份与市场本身的完善性。简单套用传统反垄断法进行执法,可能会产生平台的反垄断悖论。American Express case is one of the most important cases about platform antitrust made by the United States and the world in recent years. Through the analysis of American Express case, we can find that the disputes between the two sides focus on the application of rules of reason, the definition of two-sided market and the competitive effect of anti-steering rules. The American Express case has brought us some enlightenment. First of all, we should pay attention to the burden of proof and litigation procedure in anti-monopoly, in order to improve the accuracy of anti-monopoly law enforcement and reduce the cost of cognitive errors. Secondly, the platform anti-monopoly should introduce the theory of two-sided market, treat the two-sided market as the same market, but reduce the plaintiff’s responsibility to prove the existence of platform monopoly or harm competition, and require the platform to bear higher responsibility of counter evidence and explanation. Thirdly, the definition of two-sided market theory in the Internet market should be analyzed in combination with specific business scenarios. Finally, platform and Internet enterprises are not only market subjects, but also have the nature of organizing market and reconstructing market. The traditional antitrust law assumes the identity of market subjects and the perfection of market itself. Rigidly applying the traditional antitrust law to enforce the law may lead to the antitrust paradox of the platform.

关 键 词：运通案 平台 互联网 反垄断 双边市场 

分 类 号：D90-05[政治法律—法学理论]