Traditional Chinese Technology of Crucible Lead Smelting: A Comprehensive Study Based on Historical Records and Archaeological Findings  

中国传统坩埚炼铅技术——基于文献和考古的综合研究

作　　者：ZHOU Wenli LIU Siran LIU Haifeng CHEN Jianli Thilo REHREN 周文丽;刘思然;刘海峰;陈建立;任天洛(Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China;Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science&Technology,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;Institute for History of Science&Technology,Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,Nanjing 210044,China;School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University,Beijing 100081,China;STARC,The Cyprus Institute,Nicosia 27456,Cyprus)

机构地区：[1]Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China [2]Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science&Technology,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China [3]Institute for History of Science&Technology,Nanjing University of Infonrjation Science&Technology,Nanjing 210044,China [4]School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University,Beijing 100081,China [5]STARC,The Cyprus Institute,Nicosia 27456,Cyprus

出　　处：《Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology》2021年第1期27-57,共31页中国科学技术史（英文）

基　　金：This paper is sponsored by“Preliminary Research on Ancient Chinese Crucible Smelting Technology”(Approval No.:51404242);“Research on Ancient Iron Reducing Silver and Lead Smelting Technology”(Approval No.:51704023)of the Youth Science Foundation of the National Natural Science Foundation of China;the Major Breakthrough project“Research on Ancient Chinese Crucible Smelting Technology”(Approval No.:Y621011003)of the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences.

摘　　要：Crucible lead smelting, a traditional technology unique to China, refers to the production of lead by reducing lead sulfide with iron metal in crucibles. In recent years, a number of crucible lead production sites of the Liao-Jin-Yuan periods(tenth–fourteenth centuries CE) have been found in northern China, providing opportunities for the study of the technology. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of this technology based on the historical and archaeological evidence, with particular emphasis on the crucibles used. Firstly, it reviews the historical records on crucible lead smelting, and introduces, in detail, the technology used in Gansu during the Qing period(1644–1911) as well as indigenous methods used in the twentieth century;secondly, it summarizes the discoveries of crucible lead smelting sites in recent years, and reconstructs the manufacturing of crucibles and the iron reduction method by analysis of the crucible and slag;finally, it expounds the technical characteristics of crucible lead smelting, and explores the origin and development of the technology.坩埚炼铅是中国特有的一种传统炼铅技术,即在坩埚中用金属铁从硫化铅中还原出铅。近年来在北方地区发现一批辽金元时期(公元一千纪后期至二千纪前期)的坩埚炼铅遗址,为研究该技术提供了契机。本文将基于文献和考古两方面证据,以使用的坩埚为重点,对该技术进行综合研究。首先,回顾有关坩埚炼铅的文献资料,详细介绍清代甘肃坩埚炼铅的情况,以及20世纪土法坩埚炼铅的工艺流程;其次,总结近年来坩埚炼铅遗址的发现情况,通过坩埚和炉渣的分析来复原坩埚的制作工艺、铁还原法等技术;最后,阐述坩埚炼铅的技术特征,并探讨技术起源与发展等问题。

关 键 词：crucible lead smelting CRUCIBLE iron reduction COAL 

分 类 号：TF812[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]