黄土高原南部塬区春玉米生产施肥现状评价  

Evaluation of Fertilizer Application on Spring Maize Production in the Dryland of Southern Loess Plateau

作　　者：沈玉芳[1] 段长林[2] 岳善超[1] 李世清[1] SHEN Yu-fang;DUAN Chang-lin;YUE Shan-chao;LI Shi-qing(Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100;Changwu Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Changwu 713600,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学,陕西杨凌712100 [2]陕西省长武县农业技术推广中心,陕西长武713600

出　　处：《玉米科学》2021年第3期145-150,共6页Journal of Maize Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFD0201807);陕西省技术创新引导专项(基金)计划项目(2020CGHJ-021)。

摘　　要：采用农户随机抽样调查和统计资料数据相结合的方法,对黄土高原南部塬区典型旱作塬区长武县的农业生产和农户春玉米生产养分资源投入和生产效率进行分析评价。结果表明,近15年来,长武县主要粮食作物总播种面积和总产量基本稳定,化肥施用总量显著降低。春玉米种植面积在2008、2009年增加显著,分别较前一年增加9.4%和17.2%,2009年以后变化较小。春玉米生产以平作覆半膜栽培为主,平均产量水平在6.4~8.4 t/hm^(2),不同年际间波动较大,年均最高产量较最低产量增加31.6%,约75%的春玉米产量都处在中等及偏低以下水平。农户春玉米年平均N、P_(2)O_(5)和K_(2)O平均投入量分别为375、150、75 kg/hm^(2),存在氮肥施用量过大问题,57.1%春玉米种植户过量施氮,氮肥利用效率总体较低。Understanding the present situation of spring maize production and fertilization in the dryland of south Loess Plateau is important for instructing yield increase and scientific fertilization.The random household questionnaire survey and statistical data were conducted to evaluate the input of nutrient resources and fertilizer production efficiency of agricultural production,especially spring maize production in Changwu county,a typical dry farming area.The results showed that in the past 15 years,the total sown area of grain and crop output in Changwu county were generally stable,but the total amount of fertilizer application was significantly reduced.The planting area of spring maize increased significantly in 2008 and 2009,increased by 9.4%and 17.2%respectively compared with the previous year,and then changed little.The production of spring maize was mainly cultivated with semiplastic film mulching with the average yield from 6.4 to 8.4 t/ha.There were great fluctuations between different years,the average annual maximum output was 31.6%higher than the minimum output,and about 75%of spring maize yields were at medium or below levels.The average N,P_(2)O_(5) and K_(2)O rates in spring maize by farmers were 375,150 and 75 kg/ha,respectively.Nitrogen fertilizer was used at a ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing 2∶1.However,more than half farmers(57.1%)applied too large amount of nitrogen fertilizer and the nitrogen use efficiency was low.

关 键 词：春玉米 黄土高原南部 产量 施肥 农户 

分 类 号：S513.062[农业科学—作物学]