族际政治视域下阿富汗国家重构的困境  

The Dilemma of Afghan State Rebuilding:An Inter-ethnic Politics Perspective

作　　者：闫伟[1] Yan Wei

机构地区：[1]西北大学中东研究所、叙利亚研究中心,西安710127

出　　处：《国际论坛》2021年第4期118-135,159,160,共20页International Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中东现代民族和国家构建的多维比较研究(多卷本)”(项目批准号:20&ZD240)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：阿富汗族群构成极其复杂,如何建构稳定的族际关系,实现不同族群之间合理的权力分配成为长期以来制约阿富汗发展的结构性因素。历史上,阿富汗通过确立族群等级制和“普什图化”的政策,同化少数族群,整合族际关系。但这客观上强化了族群认同,并最终引发了族群之间的激烈对抗和内战,导致普什图人丧失领导地位,族际关系进一步失衡。2001年重建以来,在西方干预下,阿富汗试图借助西式的民主制度超越族际冲突,破解族际关系的困境。但事与愿违,这种制度模式异化为畸形的族群政治现象,族群成为阿富汗最重要的政治身份和动员力量,政党和选举大都以特定族群为界。普什图人借助人口优势再度崛起,阿富汗形成了脆弱的族群权力平衡。在美国全面撤军背景下,阿富汗面临着新的抉择,族际关系势必将持续、深刻影响阿国内政治与社会和解,地区和域外力量也借助族群矛盾干预阿富汗事务。这将进一步加剧阿富汗不同族群的对立以及塔利班与阿政府的对抗,阿富汗局势将持续恶化。The structural factor that is key to the reconstruction of the Afghan state is how to build stable inter-ethnic relations in a multi-ethnic society.Afghanistan’s traditional ethnic hierarchy dominated by the Pashtuns has strengthened both ethnic identity and ethnic estrangement.After the outbreak of the conflict,ethnicity became the fault line of conflicts,which eventually triggered civil wars between ethnic groups,causing the decline of the Pashtuns.Since 2001,Afghanistan has had to deal with the challenge of rebuilding inter-ethnic relations,which has also become a prerequisite for nation rebuilding.The Afghan approach has been to transcend inter-ethnic politics by introducing the Western democratic system,and recognize the equality of ethnic groups.But it turns out that ethnicity has become the most important basis of political identity.Political elections,political parties,and political factions are all based on ethnic groups.This enabled the Pashtuns to rise again because of their share of the population,and to construct a fragile,Pashtun-dominated inter-ethnic balance of power.The current peace process,which is affected by the reconstruction of inter-ethnic relations,will have an impact on the fragile inter-ethnic balance of power.At the same time,social reconciliation also depends on the psychological reconciliation of different ethnic groups and the cooperation of external forces.Given the conclusion of the U.S.-Taliban Peace Deal,the Afghan reconciliation process will be undermined by inter-ethnic politics,and result in continued confrontation between the government and the Taliban,possibly exacerbating the conflict.But Afghan ethnic identity is characterized by instrumental rationality and can be possibly transcended.

关 键 词：阿富汗 族际政治 国家重构 政治和解 普什图人 

分 类 号：D50[政治法律—政治学]