秸秆粉碎覆盖沟播对旱地冬小麦产量及土壤水热特征的影响  

Effects of Straw Crushing&Mulching and Furrow Sowing on Winter Wheat Yield and Soil Hydrothermal Characteristics in Dryland

作　　者：张蓉[1] 董禄信 孙长红[1] 路平 许静[1] ZHANG Rong;DONG Lu-xin;SUN Chang-hong;LU Ping;XU Jing(Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Tongwei County,Dingxi City,Gansu Province,Dingxi 743300,Gansu Province,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省定西市通渭县农业技术推广中心,甘肃定西743300

出　　处：《节水灌溉》2021年第7期60-64,70,共6页Water Saving Irrigation

基　　金：甘肃省现代农业产业体系项目(GARS-01-09);甘肃省“粮食生产功能区”小麦高产高效技术模式集成研究与推广项目(GNKJ-2018-8)。

摘　　要：为了在西北半干旱雨养农业区探索新型绿色可持续的冬小麦覆盖栽培模式,在陇中旱作农业区设置了秸秆粉碎覆盖微垄沟播(SM1)、秸秆粉碎覆盖微垄宽幅沟播(SM2)两种覆盖种植方式,以露地条播(CK)为对照,研究了秸秆粉碎覆盖栽培对冬小麦产量及土壤水热的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,覆盖处理显著提高了冬小麦全生育期土壤含水量4.3%,且增墒幅度SM2处理大于SM1处理。覆盖处理能总体降低冬小麦全生育土壤温度5.4%,但在越冬期~返青期覆盖处理有微弱的增温作用(0.9~1.2℃)。SM1和SM2处理均能显著提高冬小麦的单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,进而使产量较CK分别提高8.9%和15.7%。综上可知,秸秆粉碎覆盖沟播处理能显著改善冬小麦全生育期水分和温度,能提高冬小麦的光合同化能力,进而显著提高冬小麦产量,且SM2处理的增墒及增产幅度均明显优于SM1处理,是更适宜在半干旱区冬小麦生产中应用的绿色可持续栽培模式。In order to explore a new green and sustainable mulching mode of winter wheat in the semi-arid rain-fed agricultural area of Northwest China,two mulching modes,including straw crushing mulching with micro-ridges furrowing sowing(SM1)and straw crushing mulching with wide-width furrow sowing with small ridges(SM2),were set up in the dry farming area of Longzhong,and the effects of straw mulching on winter wheat yield and soil moisture and heat were studied with open field drilling(CK)as control.The results showed that,compared with CK,mulching significantly increased soil moisture content by 4.3% during the whole growth period of winter wheat,and the increase of soil moisture under SM2 treatment was greater than that under SM1 treatment.Mulching treatment could decrease the total soil temperature of winter wheat by 5.4%,but it had a slight warming effect(0.9~1.2℃)from overwintering to greening stage.Both SM1 and SM2 treatments could significantly increase the spike number per unit area,grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight of winter wheat,and then increase the yield by 8.9% and 15.7% compared with CK,respectively.In conclusion,the straw crushing mulching with furrowing sowing treatment can significantly improve the winter wheat moisture content and temperature in the whole stages,the photosynthetic assimilation capacity of winter wheat and then increase the yield of winter wheat significantly.In addition,SM2 treatment was better than SM1 treatment in increasing yield and soil moisture.Therefore,SM2 is a more suitable green and sustainable cultivation mode for winter wheat production in semi-arid areas.

关 键 词：秸秆粉碎覆盖 微垄沟播 微垄宽幅沟播 土壤水分 土壤温度 冬小麦 产量 

分 类 号：S274[农业科学—农业水土工程] S342[农业科学—农业工程]