离职竞业限制违约金酌减的困境与纾解  

The Issue and Resolution of Reducing the Liquidated Damages for Non-competition Agreement

作　　者：段修平 Duan Xiuping(School of Economic Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai,200063)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学经济法学院,上海200063

出　　处：《山东工会论坛》2021年第4期90-100,共11页Shandong Trade Unions＇ Tribune

基　　金：华东政法大学硕士研究生学术研究及社会调研项目“竞业限制违约金的司法调整权限研究——以实证分析为研究方法”(项目编号:2020-4-018)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：审判实践中对离职竞业限制违约金的酌减因素运用混乱,使用同一酌减因素却同案不同判,且缺乏体系化的综合考量因素。其原因主要有以下几个方面:竞业限制违约金将酌减因素与竞业限制认定因素混淆;用人单位商业秘密与劳动者自由择业权和生存权的利益冲突为竞业限制违约金酌减增加难度;参照适用合同法违约金酌减规则存在无法确定实际损失和不同法律体系适用障碍的问题。为应对竞业限制违约金酌减中存在的诸多问题,法官在对竞业限制违约金酌减时,需要将有关违法行为、职务等考量因素纳入竞业限制事实认定,而非作为酌减因素考虑。同时,还需运用契约控制理论,遵循衡平原则,兼顾用人单位商业秘密与劳动者自由择业权和生存权。另外,竞业限制违约金酌减需考虑劳动者的经济承受能力,借由辅助因素判断劳动者的主观过错,并通过诚实信用原则予以综合判断。The trial practice of liquidated damages of non-competition agreement is confusing that using the same discretionary factor judges differently in the same case and lacking the systematization of the comprehensive factors to considerate.There are a couple of aspects regarding the reasons:the discretionary factors are confused with the cognizance factors of non-competition.The conflict of interests between the employer's trade secret and the employee's rights of free choice and survival is more difficult to reduce the non-competition liquidated damages.Referring to the application of contract law,there are some obstacles between the actual loss uncertain and the application in different legal systems.In order to deal with many problems in the process of reducing liquidated damages for breach of non-compete obligations,when judges consider the reduction of liquidated damages for non-competition,the factors such as illegal act and position shall be included in the facts of non-competition,rather than being taken into account as discretionary reduction factor.Meanwhile,it also shall apply the contract control theory,follow the principle of equity,and give consideration to both employers'trade secrets and employees'right to freely choose employment and survival.Furthermore,Reduction of liquidated damages for non-competition should consider the economic affordability of employees,judge subjective faults of employees based on auxiliary factors and the principle of good faith.

关 键 词：竞业限制违约金 酌减因素 利益冲突 衡平原则 

分 类 号：D922.5[政治法律—民商法学]