机械收获方式对油菜籽粒关键性状的影响  

Effect of the Mechanical Harvesting Methods on the Key Traits of Rapeseed

作　　者：白晨阳 何菡子 贾才华 李晓华 任奕林[3] 叶俊 汪波[1] 蒯婕 周广生[1] BAI ChenYang;HE HanZi;JIA CaiHua;LI XiaoHua;REN YiLin;YE Jun;WANG Bo;KUAI jie;ZHOU GuangSheng(College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River,Ministry of Agriculture,Wuhan 430070;College of food Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070;College of Engineering,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070;Hubei Provincial Cultivated Land Quality and Fertilizer Station,Wuhan 430070)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学植物科学技术学院/农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,武汉430070 [2]华中农业大学食品科学技术学院,武汉430070 [3]华中农业大学工学院,武汉430070 [4]湖北省耕地质量与肥料工作总站,武汉430070

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2021年第14期2991-3003,共13页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2018YFD1000900);湖北省技术创新专项重大项目(2017ABA064)。

摘　　要：【目的】收获是油菜生产的关键环节之一,影响油菜籽粒产量、品质及效益。通过人工模拟联合收获和分段收获方式,分析不同收获方式对油菜籽粒关键性状的影响,以期为机械收获方式选用及配套参数确定提供依据。【方法】选用含油量不同的2个中熟油菜品种,在湖北黄冈和襄阳设置联合收获不同收获时期(终花后20—44 d(黄冈)和终花后23—47 d(襄阳),每隔3 d收获1次)以及分段收获不同割倒时间(终花后20、26和32 d(黄冈)和终花后23、29和35 d(襄阳))和后熟时长(3、6、9和12 d)试验,测定千粒重、含水量、品质等关键指标。【结果】联合收获两试点、两品种均在终花后38 d左右达籽粒生理成熟期,所需积温约1 100℃,千粒重和含油量最大。终花后46 d左右,籽粒含水量和叶绿素含量可快速降至最适点,为机械化联合收获适宜时期。籽粒含水量降幅与日均温及大气压极显著正相关;叶绿素含量降幅与日均温极显著正相关,与降雨量显著负相关。与D1、D2相比,分段收获在D3条件下(终花后33 d左右)割倒后熟,籽粒千粒重、含油量、出油率、整齐度及油酸含量均值最高,叶绿素含量、亚油酸含量及含水量均值最低;后熟天数对籽粒含油量、出油率、千粒重、整齐度、油酸、亚油酸含量影响不显著,后熟6—9 d时籽粒叶绿素与含水量可快速降至最适点,为适宜捡拾脱粒时期。籽粒含水量降幅与太阳辐射量极显著正相关,与降雨量极显著负相关。【结论】终花至收获期间,平均日均温19—22℃、降雨量1.0—3.5 mm,大气压1.45—1.75 k Pa条件下联合收获在终花后46 d左右(生理成熟后8 d左右)收获,分段收获在终花后33 d左右(即生理成熟前5 d左右)割倒;平均相对湿度64%—80%、降雨量0.7—3.1 mm、太阳辐射量10—13 MJ·m^(-2)条件下分段收获后熟6—9 d捡拾脱粒最为适宜。此条件下,籽粒含水量均可降至15%左【Objective】Harvesting is one of the key links in rapeseed production,which affects the yield and quality.In this experiment,artificially simulated combined harvesting and two-stage harvesting were used and analyzed the impacts on key traits of rapeseeds.This study provides a basis for the selection of mechanical harvesting methods and the determination of supporting parameters.【Method】Two middle-ripening rapeseed varieties with different oil content were selected,and different harvesting periods were used.For combined harvesting the period is 20-44 d in Huanggang and 23-47 d in Xiangyang,and the two-stage harvesting is practiced on different time 20,26,and 32 d in Huanggang while,23,29,35 d in Xiangyang,after final flowering,whereas 3,6,9,and 12 d post-ripening,in Huanggang and Xiangyang,Hubei.Furthermore,key indicators such as1000-grain weight,water content,quality,etc were measured and analyzed.【Result】The two pilots and two varieties of the combined harvesting reached the physiological maturity about 38 days after final flowering,the required accumulated temperature was about 1100℃,and the thousand-grain weight and oil content were the largest.Approximately 46 days after the final flowering,the seed moisture and chlorophyll content rapidly decreased to the optimum point,which is a suitable period for mechanized combined harvesting.Moreover,reduction in seed moisture content is highly significantly positively correlated with daily average temperature and atmospheric pressure,while decreased chlorophyll content is highly significantly positively correlated with daily average temperature,but significantly negatively correlated with rainfall.Under D3(about 33 d after final flowering),the highest average content of 1000-grain weight,oil contents,rate of oil yield,uniformity and oleic acid,and the lowest average content of chlorophyll,linoleic acid and moisture under the two-stage harvest while comparing D3 with D1 and D2,Our study showed that the number of days of post-ripening has no significant effe

关 键 词：油菜 联合收获 分段收获 籽粒关键性状 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]