从要素配置角度看中国农业经营制度的历史变迁  

The Historical Evolution of Chinese Farm Management System from the Perspective of Resource Allocation

作　　者：钟甫宁[1] ZHONG Funing

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学国际食品与农业经济研究中心

出　　处：《中国农村经济》2021年第6期2-14,共13页Chinese Rural Economy

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目“农时视角下的小农机械化:对我国不同熟制地区粮食收获机械化的考察”(批准号:72073065)的资助。

摘　　要：在资源禀赋既定的情况下,经济的增长取决于资源配置和利用效率。资源禀赋与政治经济制度相互作用,共同决定资源配置和利用效率。对农业和农村经济发展而言,生产的季节性、人口密度和经济活动强度也是资源禀赋的一部分,对经营制度的形成和演变具有不可忽视的影响。本文从资源配置的角度回顾中国农业经营制度的变迁,并以此为据讨论今后进一步演变的方向。从历史变迁的角度看,农业生产资源的配置和利用效率不仅取决于政治经济制度,也取决于具体的经营制度。以土地制度为核心的产权关系应当有利于激励农民做出更多努力,国民经济的发展应当有利于吸收过剩的农业劳动力,农业内部的经营制度应当正确反映农业生产的特点。未来的农业生产组织应当具有充分的弹性,能够像制造业的全球产业链一样在不同层次上进行分工协作。“看得见的手”应当帮助生产者实现这种具有弹性的协作方式,而不是力图实现本社区、本地区的封闭式生产,在与外界的联系方面只重视生产资料、资金和商品的流通。Given resource endowments,economic growth is determined by the efficiencies of resource allocation and utilization.Resource endowments,political and economic systems and management system interact with each other and jointly determine the efficiencies of resource allocation and utilization.With respect to agriculture and rural development,production seasonality,population density and economic intensity are part of resource endowments,thus having significant impacts on the formation and evolution of management system.This article reviews the evolution of Chinese farm management system from the perspective of resource allocation and discusses the potential direction of its future evolution.From the perspective of historical changes,the efficiency of agricultural resource allocation and utilization depends not only on political and economic systems,but also on specific management system.The property rights system with land system as its center should be able to encourage farmers to make more and better efforts,the development of national economy should be able to absorb surplus labor force in rural areas,and the agricultural management system should be able to adapt to the specific characteristics in agricultural production and rural society.The future agricultural production system should be fully flexible to facilitate divisions and specialization,and coordination and collaboration at different levels and stages of production at the same time,just like global industrial chains.The“visible hand”should help producers realize such flexibility,instead of production in a closed manner with only exchange of inputs,capital,and finaloutputs.

关 键 词：要素配置 农业经营制度 劳动力 土地 季节性 

分 类 号：F302.2[经济管理—产业经济]