美国堕胎案中司法审查标准的嬗变与前瞻——以“最严反堕胎法案”切入  

The transmutation of the judicial review standard in the United States:cuts into the“strictest anti-abortion bill”

作　　者：薛天涵 Xue Tianhan

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院基础法学教研中心,北京100086

出　　处：《南海法学》2021年第1期114-124,共11页The South China Sea Law Journal

摘　　要：2019年,美国阿拉巴马州出台了被称为“全美最严”的反堕胎法案,除极少数严重威胁妊娠妇女的生命健康风险的情况之外,禁止医生为怀孕者实施堕胎。这大有挑战美国联邦最高法院自罗伊案以来所确立的一系列维护妇女堕胎权的司法审查标准之势。美国联邦最高法院在罗伊案及其嗣后案件中分别发展出“严格审查”与“过度负担”标准。依据“过度负担”标准预判,美国“最严反堕胎法案”可能难以挑战成功,因为根究此标准,该法案可能存在规定违法、缺乏目的合理性与效果适当性的缺陷,对妇女的基本权利造成了不适当的克减。In 2019,Alabama introduced the anti-abortion bill called“the strictest in the United States”.Except for very few risks that seriously threaten the life and health of pregnancy women,doctors are prohibited from performing abortion for them.This is the"making waves"of the conservative forces in the United States during Trump in power and the sudden reversal of the internal composition of the Supreme Court.It challenges a series of judicial review standards established by the US Supreme Court since Roy’s case to safeguard women’s right to abortion.The Supreme Court of the United States developed‘strict scrutiny’and‘excessive burden’criteria in Roy and subsequent cases,respectively.While the current dominance of Conservative camps in the Federal Supreme Court is highly likely to challenge existing judicial review standards,according to the“excessive burden”standard prejudging,the“most stringent anti-abortion bill”in the United States may be difficult to challenge successfully.According to this standard,the bill may have some defects that result in improperly reduce of women’s basic rights,such as illegal regulations,lack of rationality of purpose and appropriateness of effect.

关 键 词：美国堕胎法案 妇女堕胎权 生育权 胎儿生命权 司法审查标准 

分 类 号：D971.2[政治法律—法学] DD913