纯电动汽车的火灾特性及热释放速率探讨  

Discussion on fire characteristics and heat release rate of blade electric vehicles

作　　者：夏继豪[1] XIA Ji-hao(China Railway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co.,Ltd.,Wuhan 430063,China)

机构地区：[1]中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司,武汉430063

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2021年第3期1028-1032,共5页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：中国铁建股份有限公司科研计划课题(2018-B17)。

摘　　要：通过资料调研结合理论分析的研究方法,对纯电动汽车的火灾原因、火灾特性及火灾规模展开了讨论。文献调研结果表明,纯电动汽车火灾原因主要有4个方面:热滥用、电滥用、机械滥用及其他外部原因。纯电动汽车电池组的火灾很难被探测,由于外部喷洒的灭火剂无法接触到正在燃烧的电池组,在没有足够冷却的情况下,火灾容易在第一次扑灭后复燃。相比于内燃机汽车火灾,纯电动汽车火灾中易形成氟氧化磷(POF3)、氟化氢(HF)、氰化氢(HCN)和一氧化碳(CO)等有毒气体。此外,内燃机汽车与纯电动汽车都含有大量可燃物质。内燃汽车与纯电动汽车在可燃物方面的主要区别在于动力系统。对于内燃机汽车,动力系统的可燃物是液体石油燃料,而对于纯电动汽车,动力系统的可燃物是电池组。通过理论分析发现,可将纯电动汽车的热释放速率分为动力电池与其他可燃物两部分,并基于此提出了纯电动汽车火灾峰值热释放速率的估算公式。通过公式估算,小型纯电动汽车的热释放速率为5.3~6.4 MW,与全尺寸试验中的实测值接近。分析结果可为纯电动汽车火灾规模的选取提供参考。In this paper,literature investigation and theoretical analysis have been conducted to present a discussion on the causes, characteristics, and the scale of blade electric vehicle (BEV) fires. The results of the literature investigation show that there are four main reasons for blade electric vehicle fires,including heat abuse,electricity abuse,mechanical abuse,and other external causes. Once the battery pack of the blade electric vehicle is involved in the fire,it is difficult to be detected and is easy to reignite after first extinction since the burning battery pack inside the blade electric vehicle is inaccessible to externally applied suppressant and can reignite without sufficient cooling. The poisonous gases such as phosphorous oxyfluoride (POF3),hydrogen fluoride (HF),hydrogen cyanide (HCN),and carbon monoxide (CO) are easily formed in electric vehicle fires compared to that in the internal combustion engine vehicle fires. Besides,both internal combustion engine vehicles and blade electric vehicles contain a large number of flammable materials. The major difference of combustibles between internal combustion engine vehicles and blade electric vehicle is the power system. For internal combustion engine vehicles, the combustibles of the power system are the liquid petroleum fuel,while for blade electric vehicles,the combustibles of the power system are the battery pack. Theoretical analysis shows that the heat release rate of blade electric vehicles can be divided into two parts: battery pack and other combustible materials. Then,a formula for estimating the peak heat release rate of blade electric vehicle fire is proposed. According to the formula,the heat release rate of the small blade electric vehicle is estimated to be within 5. 3 MW and 6. 4 MW,which is close to the measured value in the fullscale experiment. The analysis results in this paper can provide a reference for the fire scale selection of blade electric vehicle fires.

关 键 词：安全工程 纯电动汽车火灾 火灾特性 火灾规模 热释放速率 

分 类 号：X932[环境科学与工程—安全科学]