中国农村土地制度的历史演变、动因及效果:一个文献综述视角  

Historical Evolution of China’s Rural Land System:A Perspective of Literature Review

作　　者：朱晓哲 刘瑞峰[1] 马恒运[1] ZHU Xiaozhe;LIU Ruifeng;MA Hengyun

机构地区：[1]河南农业大学经济与管理学院,郑州450046

出　　处：《农业经济问题》2021年第8期90-103,共14页Issues in Agricultural Economy

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究专项任务项目(编号:18JF206);国家社会科学基金项目(编号:14BGL093)。

摘　　要：土地制度问题是治国安邦之本,关系国家长期稳定和人民福祉。土地制度改革方向一直存在争议,特别是国家征用农村集体土地及补偿问题。已有研究关注土地制度演变纵向的、历史视角的全面分析较少。本文以全面的、历史的视角系统梳理我国农村土地制度变迁的"前世今生",根据土地所有制性质的不同,将土地制度分为旧时候皇权统治下的地主土地所有制和新时期人民当家作主的集体土地所有制。前者,农民遭受政治和经济双重压迫,长期处于温饱和贫困的双陷阱;后者,人民当家作主,享有对土地剩余的索取权,温饱问题得以解决。土地产权的演变贯穿于土地制度变迁之中,衍生出不同的土地经营制度形式。政权更迭是土地制度变迁的原始动力,农产品需求压力是农地经营形式变革的基本原因,农村土地征用行为衍生于土地产权的原始来源性质。国家和农民的"双需"决定了农村土地集体所有的主体地位,过分追求公平和效率会使两者均不可得。人地矛盾依然存在,土地产权制度建设需要正式和非正式制度的支撑,与生产力发展相适应的土地制度创新仍在路上。The land system is the foundation of state governance and security,which is related to the long-term stability of the state and the well-being of the people.The direction of the land system reform has always been controversial,and up to now there is little research focusing on the longitudinal and historical perspective of evolution of the land system.From a comprehensive and historical perspective,this paper systematically summarizes"the past and the present"of China’s rural land system.According to the different natures of land rights,the land system is divided into landlord land ownership under the rule of the old imperial power and collective land ownership,while in the new era the people are masters of the state.In the former case,peasants suffered from political and economic oppression and were trapped in the trap of food,clothing and poverty for a long time.In the latter case,farmers enjoy the rights to claim the residual of the land and the problems of food and clothing were solved.The evolution of the land property rights runs through the transition of the land system and gives rise to different forms of the land management system.Regime change is the original driving force of transition of the land system.The dual needs of the state and farmers determine the dominant position of the collective ownership of rural land.Excessive pursuit of fairness and efficiency will make both of them impossible.The contradiction between more farmers and less land still exists,the construction of land property rights system needs the support of formal and informal systems,while the institutional innovations of the land system suitable for the development of productivity are still on the way.

关 键 词：农村土地 产权制度 经营制度 农业绩效 土地革命 

分 类 号：F321.1[经济管理—产业经济]