从三官书到投龙:祛病及长生行为的阶层变迁  

From Sanguan Letters to Toulong:The Status Transition of Curing Diseases and Acquiring Longevity

作　　者：于赓哲[1] 杨会宾 Yu Gengzhe;Yang Huibin

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第4期50-60,共11页Nankai Journal:Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

摘　　要：东汉后期持续的疫情不仅造成社会动荡,同时也在太平道和五斗米道的崛起中产生了不可忽视的影响,魏晋道教改革后丹药与投龙术逐渐成为道教上层路线的突出体现,河南嵩山峻极峰发现的武则天除罪金简和西安何家村发现的金走龙是自东汉末五斗米道三官书发展而来的投龙仪式的组成部分。除罪金简反映出武则天晚年信仰思想的改变,与政治形势和所谓"晚年悔过"没有直接关系。部分何家村文物是道教长生术的工具与原料,金走龙是其中重要的组成部分,它模仿人间驿传马匹,在投龙仪式中担负着沟通仙界与人间的使命。唐宋时期的投龙器物具有共同的特征,即昂贵、复杂,说明投龙仪式已经摆脱了东汉三官书的平民化色彩,成为身份等级的象征,体现出道教丹药行为的"上层路线"意识。The continuation of the epidemic in the late Eastern Han Dynasty not only caused social unrest,but also brought about un-ignorable impacts in rise of Taiping Taoism and Five-Dou-Grain Taoism.Taoist longevity elixirs and Toulong crafts gradually embodied the status of the Taoist upper class following the Taoist Reformation in the dynasties of the Wei and Jin.The golden slips decriminalizing Wu Zetian,discovered in the Junji Peak of the Songshan Mountain in Henan Province,and Jin Long(金龙),discovered in the Hejia village in Xi’an,were parts of the Toulong rituals which had been developed from the Sanguan Letters in Five-Dou-Grain Taoism since the later Eastern Han Dynasty.The decriminalizing golden slips reflected the changes of Wu Zetian’s beliefs in her later life,but they had no direct relationship with the political situation and her so-called"later life regrets".Parts of the relics discovered in the Hejia village were the instruments and resources of the longevity crafts in Taoism.Jin Zou Long(金走龙)was one of their important parts,which resembled the couriers in the real lives of the people and had the mission to communicate between Gods and people in the Toulong rituals.The frequently discovered Toulong artifacts from the Tang and Song dynasties share common characteristics,such as extravagance and complexity.This illustrated that the Toulong rituals had eliminated the civilian aspects of the Sanguan Letters in the Eastern Han Dynasty and symbolized the status of identities,thereby reflecting the"upper class"awareness in Taoist longevity elixir practices.

关 键 词：丹药 三官书 投龙 上层路线 

分 类 号：K207[历史地理—历史学]