藏北高原的“清道夫”——生态人类学视角下的西藏牛粪文化  

"SCAVENGERS" ON THE NORTHERN TIBETAN PLATEAU:THE COW DUNG CULTURE OF TIBET FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ECOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

作　　者：皇甫睿 Huangfu Rui

机构地区：[1]吉首大学旅游与管理工程学院,湖南张家界427000

出　　处：《广西民族研究》2021年第3期87-94,共8页GUANGXI ETHNIC STUDIES

基　　金：国家社科西部项目少数民族传统文化对生态资源维护的价值研究(19XMZ105)。

摘　　要：在千百年的游牧生活中,牛粪作为藏民非常重要的资源,已深深融入藏族文化,并形成了具有民族烙印的西藏牛粪文化。藏民对牛粪的利用方式多种多样,其中最重要、也最广泛的方式是作为燃料使用。由于外来文化的冲击,牛粪作为燃料的地位开始面临危机。人们在一定程度上否定了传统文化的某些重要组成部分,认为牛粪是重要的肥料资源,将其作为燃料使用是对草场资源的破坏与浪费。但是,如果从生态人类学的视角来审视藏民与牛粪利用之间的内在关联,就不难发现藏民对牛粪的利用方式实为对草场资源维护的重要手段。特别是藏民们在藏北高原特殊的生态环境下,在不断与当地生态系统的适应互动中,形成了一个相对独立、稳定运行的"文化生态共同体"。在该共同体运行的过程中,藏民们将牛粪作为燃料使用的行为,扮演着藏北高原生态系统中"清道夫"的角色。In hundreds and thousands of years of nomadic life,cow dung,as a very important resource for Tibetan people,has been deeply integrated into Tibetan culture,and formed Tibetan cow dung culture with its ethnic mark.The most important and widespread way to use cow dung by Tibetan people is to use it as fuel.Due to the impact of foreign culture,the status of cow dung as fuel has begun to encounter crisis.To a certain extent,people have denied some important parts of traditional culture,considering cow dung as an important fertilizer resource rather than as fuel,and using it as fuel will destroy and waste grassland resources.However,if viewing the internal connections between Tibetan people and cow dung utilization from the perspective of ecological anthropology,it is not difficult to find that the use of cow dung by Tibetan people is actually an important way to maintain grassland resources.In particular,Tibetan people in the special ecological environment of northern Tibetan Plateau have formed a relatively independent and stably functioning culture-ecology community in the continuous adaptative interactions with the local ecosystem.In the running process of this community,Tibetan people’s behaviors of taking cow dung as fuel has played the role of"scavenger"in the ecosystem of northern Tibetan Plateau.

关 键 词：藏北高原 “清道夫” 生态人类学 西藏牛粪文化 

分 类 号：Q988[生物学—生态学]