传统耕作结合秸秆地膜双元覆盖是提高渭北旱塬春玉米产量和养分吸收的有效措施  

Coventional tillage and dual mulching of straw and plastic film has stable effects on spring maize yield and nutrient absorption in Weibei dryland

作　　者：赵晶[1,3] 刘萌 付威 牛育华[4] 郝明德[1,2] ZHAO Jing;LIU Meng;FU Wei;NIU Yu-hua;HAO Ming-de(Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Shaanxi University of Science and Technology,Xi’an,Shaanxi 710021,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [4]陕西科技大学化学与化工学院,陕西西安710021

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2021年第7期1151-1163,共13页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：陕西省科技厅农业领域项目(2020NY-169);西安市“科技+”行动计划—社会发展科技创新示范项目(20SFSF0016);榆林市科技计划项目(2019-166)。

摘　　要：【目的】在干旱半干旱地区,实现雨养农业作物持续增产的关键因素是提高作物养分利用效率。研究黄土高原旱作农业区长期不同耕作、覆盖措施对春玉米产量和养分吸收的影响,为黄土塬区可持续的农田管理提供参考。【方法】保护性耕作定位试验位于中国科学院黄土高原农业生态试验站,始于2003年。设有4个传统耕作和4个免耕处理,具体为传统耕作(CT)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(CP)、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖(CS)、传统耕作+地膜+秸秆覆盖(CPS)、免耕(NT)、免耕+地膜覆盖(NP)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NS)、免耕+地膜+秸秆覆盖(NPS)。调查分析了2007—2016年玉米产量和玉米养分吸收特性。【结果】4个传统耕作处理中,CP处理玉米籽粒平均产量比CT处理提高了24.4%,氮素和钾素养分利用效率最高;CS处理玉米平均生物产量比CT处理提高了39.4%,玉米茎秆养分吸收量最高,特别是总吸钾量提高了101.7%;CPS处理籽粒平均产量最高(9381.6 kg/hm^(2)),总吸氮量和吸磷量分别比CT处理提高了63.2%和123.7%。4个免耕处理中,NP处理籽粒平均产量比NT处理提高了25.8%,NS处理比NT处理降低了3.9%;CPS处理平均籽粒产量、生物产量、植株总吸氮量和总吸磷量最高。相同覆盖处理下,传统耕作的平均籽粒产量、生物产量、氮磷总吸收量均高于免耕。平水年地膜覆盖增产效果最好(27.0%~37.4%),干旱年秸秆覆盖增产效果最好(3.5%~8.5%),丰水年则以地膜秸秆双元覆盖增产效果最大(31.6%~38.1%)。【结论】黄土高原旱地条件下,传统耕作对玉米的增产效果好于免耕。采用传统耕作结合地膜秸秆双元覆盖提高了玉米籽粒产量,增加了玉米地上部养分吸收量,在不同气候年份下对玉米增产效果均较好,且年际间变异幅度较小,是渭北旱塬增加玉米养分吸收,提高籽粒产量的最佳田间管理措施。【Objectives】In arid and semi-arid regions,the critical factor in achieving stable and high crop yield is the nutrient efficiency for crop utilization.We studied the effects of tillage and mulching measures on the yield and nutrient absorption of spring maize in dryland-fed agricultural areas of the Loess Plateau to reference sustainable farmland management in the region.【Methods】The conservation tillage experiment was started in 2003.It was located in the Loess Plateau Agricultural Ecological Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Eight treatments were selected,four traditional tillage and the other four no-tillage.The treatments under traditional tillage were traditional tillage(CT),plastic film mulching(CP),straw mulching(CS),and plastic film+straw mulching(CPS).The treatments under no-tillage were no-tillage control(NT),plastic film mulching(NP),straw mulching(NS),and plastic film+straw mulching(NPS).The maize biomass,yield,and nutrient accumulation in different parts of the crop were analyzed from 2007 to 2016.【Results】Comparing traditional tillage group,the CP treatment increased the average grain yield by 24.4% and recorded the highest N and K utilization efficiency.The CS treatment increased the average biomass by 39.4% and had the highest maize stalk nutrient uptake,particularly the average K uptake increased by 101.7%.The CPS treatment recorded the highest average grain yield(9381.6 kg/hm^(2))and increased the average total N and P uptake by 63.2% and 123.7% compared with CT,respectively.Comparing the no-tillage group,the NP treatment increased average grain yield by 25.8%,NS reduced grain yield by 3.9%,and CPS recorded the highest average grain yield,biomass,total nitrogen uptake and total phosphorus uptake of plants.Under the same mulching practice,CT treatment had higher average grain yield,biomass,N uptake by various organs,and total N and P uptake than NT treatment.In the normal rainfall years,plastic film mulching had the highest yield(27.0%-37.4%),straw mulching record

关 键 词：覆膜 免耕 春玉米 产量 养分吸收 渭北旱塬 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]