秸秆还田下寒地水稻实现高产高氮肥利用率的氮肥运筹模式  

Nitrogen fertilizer management for high nitrogen utilization efficiency and rice yield under straw incorporation in a cold region

作　　者：孔丽丽[1] 侯云鹏[1] 尹彩侠[1] 李前[1] 张磊[1] 赵胤凯 徐新朋[2] KONG Li-li;HOU Yun-peng;YIN Cai-xia;LI Qian;ZHANG Lei;ZHAO Yin-kai;XU Xin-peng(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Changchun,Jilin 130033,China;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部东北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,吉林长春130033 [2]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2021年第7期1282-1293,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0300604);国家自然科学基金项目(31801938)。

摘　　要：【目的】秸秆还田是东北寒地水稻种植区培肥土壤的重要措施,研究调整水稻基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例,为促进寒地水稻氮肥的合理施用提供科学依据。【方法】田间试验于2016、2017年在吉林省进行,供试水稻品种为吉粳511。上一季水稻收获后,秸秆9000 kg/hm^(2)粉碎至10 cm左右,翻压还田。在总施氮(N)量200 kg/hm^(2)不变的前提下,设置5个基蘖肥与穗肥比例处理5∶5(N5∶5)、6∶4(N6∶4)、7∶3(N7∶3)、8∶2(N8∶2)和9∶1(N9∶1),以不施氮肥(N0)为对照。在水稻6个生育期调查植株生物量和氮素含量,成熟期测定产量及产量构成因素。计算了氮素积累与转运特征,以及氮素利用效率。【结果】与N0处理相比,施氮提高了水稻穗数、穗粒数和结实率,进而显著提高了产量,以N8∶2处理的水稻产量最高。水稻返青期至拔节期,氮积累量随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的增加而增加,而齐穗期至成熟期阶段则表现为随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的增加先增后减,氮素积累总量以N8∶2处理最高。施氮显著提高了氮素转运量和齐穗后积累氮素对籽粒氮积累量贡献率,其中氮素转运量随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的增加而增加,而齐穗后积累氮素对籽粒氮积累量贡献率随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的增加先增后降,以N8∶2处理最高。随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例的提高,氮素回收率、农学利用率、偏生产力和生理利用率均呈现先增后减趋势,均以N8∶2处理最高。相关分析结果表明,水稻齐穗期前后氮素积累量与水稻产量均呈显著或极显著正相关(r=0.8943~0.9476),其中水稻齐穗后氮积累量与产量的相关性高于齐穗前。【结论】在秸秆还田条件下,基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为8∶2最有利于提高水稻齐穗期至成熟期氮积累量,促进氮素向籽粒的转运,使水稻产量和氮素利用效率协同提高。因此,在本试验条件下,总施氮量20【Objectives】In the cold rice-growing region,straw incorporation is a popular technology for sustaining soil fertility.Here,we studied the allocation of N fertilizer ratio for basal-tillering and panicle stage of rice production to provide a scientific basis for the rational application of N fertilizer in this region.【Methods】Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Jilin Province,using rice cultivar Jijing 511 as test materials.In the previous year,9000 kg/hm^(2) rice straw was cut to about 10 cm long and buried into the soil with a plough.Using a total of 200 kg/hm^(2) N fertilizer,five basal-tillering/panicle application ratios were set up,including 5∶5(N5∶5),6∶4(N6∶4),7∶3(N7∶3),8∶2(N8∶2),9∶1(N9∶1),and no N fertilizer application(N0)used as the control.The rice plant’s dry matter and N content were analyzed in 6 growing stages,and yield and its components were investigated at harvest.The N accumulation dynamics,translocation characteristics,and N utilization efficiency were calculated.【Results】Compared with N0,N fertilizer application improved panicle number,grain number per panicle,and seed-setting rate of rice,and significantly increased yield as a result.Rice yield reached the highest in the N8∶2 treatment.N accumulation from returning green stage to jointing stage increased with increased N ratio in basal-tillering stage,but that from the full heading stage to maturity stage increased first and then decreased,with the highest value in N8∶2 treatment.N fertilizer application significantly increased N translocation and accumulation in the rice grains after the full heading stage.N translocation increased with an increased ratio of N in the basal-tillering stage.Moreover,accumulated N in the rice grains at the full heading stage increased firstly and then decreased,reaching the highest in the N8∶2 treatment.Correspondingly,all the N recovery efficiency,agronomic efficiency,partial factor productivity,and physiological efficiency reached the highest in the N8�

关 键 词：寒地水稻 氮肥运筹 氮素积累 产量 产量构成 氮素利用效率 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]