竞技体育恶意犯规的认定及刑法规制--以FIBA篮球规则为切入点  

The Specific Cognizance of Flagrant Foul in Athletic Sports and the Criminal Law Rules and Regulations:Using FIBA Basketball Rules as the Starting Point

作　　者：屈舒阳[1] QU Shuyang(Faculty of Law,Yunnan University of Finance and Economics,Kunming 650221,China)

机构地区：[1]云南财经大学法学院,云南昆明650221

出　　处：《湖南工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第4期99-107,共9页Journal of Hunan University of Technology(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：我国竞技体育赛场中的恶意犯规频繁出现。从2010年至2019年中国篮协与中国足协作出的133个“违规违纪处罚决定书”可以看出,若抽离出竞技体育赛场,部分恶意犯规行为已完全符合故意伤害罪的构成要件,而行为人却并未承担刑事责任,这违背了刑法面前人人平等的原则,产生了错误的宣示效应,阻碍了我国体育事业的健康发展。刑法的缺位源于刑法理论的错误适用及竞技体育行业的过度自治。恶意犯规的本质为故意伤害,对恶意犯规的认定要在具体竞技体育项目的语境下进行。基于刑法的谦抑性与竞技体育的特殊性,刑法的介入应当以促进体育事业发展为宗旨,只有满足相应前提条件、时间条件、主体条件、限度条件和主观条件的竞技体育伤害行为才具有正当性。在《民法典》确立“自甘风险”原则、促进全民积极参与体育活动的背景下,建立事前预防、事中介入、事后处罚的长效机制才是惩治竞技体育恶意犯规的基本路径。In recent years,the flagrant fouls in athletic sports field are becoming more and more serious.From 2010 to 2019,Chinese Basketball Association and Chinese Football Association issued 133“Punishment Decision Letter for Violation of Rules and Discipline”,some of the acts of flagrant fouls taken out of the athletic sports field completely conform to the constitutive requirements of the intentional injury crime,but the person does not bear the criminal responsibility,which violates the principle of equality before the criminal law,produce false reality effect,hinder the healthy development of sports in our country.The absence of criminal law results from the error application of criminal law theory and the excessive autonomy of sports industry.The essence of flagrant foul is intentional injury,but the determination of flagrant foul should be combined with the context of specific athletic sports.Based on the modesty and restraint of the criminal law and the particularity of athletic sports,the intervention of the criminal law should be aimed at promoting the development of sports.Only when the corresponding preconditions,time conditions,subject conditions,limit conditions and subjective conditions are met can the competitive sports injury behavior could be justified.Under the background that the Civil Code establishes the principle of“self-contained risk”and promotes the active participation of all people in sports activities,the basic way to punish flagrant foul is to establish a long-term mechanism of prevention in advance,coordination in-process and punishment ex post.

关 键 词：竞技体育 恶意犯规 故意伤害 刑法介入 FIBA篮球规则 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]